بررسی تطبیقی آلودگی‌های زیست محیطی بین سیستم‌های قالب ساقه‌ای و آجر
محورهای موضوعی :
آلودگی های محیط زیست (آب، خاک و هوا)
مهشید انصاری
1
,
مقدی خدابخشیان
2
,
محمد هادی ابوالحسنی
3
1 - دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)،اصفهان، ایران.
2 - استادیار گروه هنر و معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - استادیار گروه هنر و معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1396/10/06
تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/12/15
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/07/01
کلید واژه:
آلودگی‌های محیط زیست,
آجر,
سیستم‌های قالب ساقه‌ای,
محیط زیست,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: صنعت آجر سازی سهم قابل ملاحظه‌ای در آلودگی محیط زیست جهان دارد. در مراحل تولید این صنعت، آلاینده‌هایی مانند ذرات معلق ، CO2، CO، NOX و SOX به اتمسفر منتشر می‌کند. با توجه به افزایش آلودگی‌ها، و همچنین میزان تولید بالای آجر در کشور با جایگزینی مصالحی به جای آجر می‌توان تولید آلاینده‌ها را کاهش داد. این مطالعه با هدف کاهش آلایندگی صنعت آجر و معرفی کاه به عنوان مصالح ساختمانی با عنوان سیستم غالب ساقه‌ای انجام گرفته است.روش بررسی: در این تحقیق (که در سال 1396 انجام گرفته است)، از روش مروری استفاده شده است و منابع کتابخانه‌ای، پایگاه‌های اطلاعاتی، مجلات علمی پژوهشی، کتب مرتبط و آمار موجود(سالنامه‌‌های آماری وزارت کشاورزی، ترازنامه انرژی وزارت نیرو، و آمارهای سازمان برنامه و بودجه کشور طی چند سال اخیر) به کار گرفته شده اند.یافته‌ها: یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد؛ که کاه جایگزینی خوبی برای آجر از نظر عوامل محیط زیست و اقتصادی می باشد، اما یه دلیل نگرانی‌های اصلی رطوبت، حشرات، و احتراق، با وجود اینکه به طور گسترده‌ای در دسترس است و ویژگی‌های سودمندی دارد، به طور ناچیزی در صنعت ساختمان مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد. سیستم قالب ساقه‌ای شامل پنل‌های فشرده شده است که با توجه به سابقه پژوهشی که در این مورد در دنیا دارد، می‌تواند بدون آلودگی‌های محیط زیستی و با صرف اقتصادی بالا جایگزین مناسب برای آجر در صنعت ساخت و ساز باشد.بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: آجر پرمصرفترین ماده ساختمانی در سراسر دنیاست، و با توجه به آلودگی محیط زیستی بالای آن، یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که سیستم‌های قالب ساقه‌ای که تماما" تجدیدپذیر است می‌تواند این آلودگی را به طور قابل توجهی کاهش دهد، به طوری که ساختمان‌های قالب ساقه‌ای را می‌توان امروزه در کشورهای سراسر جهان همچون امریکا، اروپا، کانادا، استرالیا، ژاپن، و چین پیدا کرد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background & Objective: The brick indusrty shares a significant amount to the global environmental pollution. In the production stages of this indusrty, pollutants such as particulates, CO2, NOX, CO and SOX get released into the atmosphere. Considering the increase of pollution and also the production rate of bricks in the country, replacing bricks with another type of material can lead to reduction of these pollutants.Material and Methodology: In order to achieve the goals of the study, review study method was used and library resources, databases, scientific and research journals, related books and available data (Statistical yearbooks of Ministry of Agriculture, Energy balance sheet of Ministry of Energy and statistics of State Management and Planning Organization over the past few years) were employed.Findings: Findings reveal that straw could be an appropriate replacement for bricks from the environmental and economic points of view; although it's widely available and has useful features; concerns such as moisture, insects and combustion have made the application of straw bales in building industry very insignificant. Straw bale systems consist of compressed panels that can replace bricks in building industry without any environmental pollution and with high economic efficiency.Discussion and Conclusions: Brick is the most used building material in the world. Considering its large effect on pollution, findings show that straw bale systems, which are completely renewable, can reduce this pollution significantly; such that straw bale buildings can be seen all over the world in places such as USA, Europe, Canada, Australia, Japan and China.
منابع و مأخذ:
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Sodagar, Behzad, Rai, Deepak, Jones, Barbara, Fieldson, Ros, The carbon-reduction potential of Straw-bale housing, Building Research & Information, 2011,Vol 39 (1), P 51-65.
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Yuanchen, Chen, Wei, Du, Shaojie, Zhuo, Weijian, Liu, Yuanlong, Liu, Guofeng, Shen, Shuiping, Wu, Jianjun, Li, Bianhong, Zhou, Gehui, Wang, Eddy, Y. Zeng, Hefa, Cheng, Wenxin, Liu, Shu, Tao, Stack and fugitive emissions of major air pollutants from typical brick kilns in China, Environmental Pollution, 2017, May, Num 224: P 421-429
Jonidi Jafari, Ahmad, Zohoor, Alireza, Rezaei, Roshanak, Malek Afzali, sheida. Seif, Azadeh, estimated of number of cardiac and respiratory deaths attributed to air pollutionin Tehran, Ministry of health and Medical education (Teb and Tazkiye), 2006, Autumn and Winter, Num 74-75: P 37-44. (In Persian)
3.Kermani, Majid, Dowlati, Mohsen, Jonidi Jafari, Ahmad, Rezaei Kalantari, Roshanak, Estimation of Mortality and Morbidity due to Exposure to Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM) in the Air of Tehran in 2014 – 2015, Occupational and environmental Health, 2017, Winter, Num 4: P 302-307. (In Persian)
4.United States Environmental Protection Agency, Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emission, 2017
(https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions)
Friedrich, Johannes, Mengpin Ge, Damassa,Thomas, What Do Your Country's Emissions Look Like? , World Resource Institute, 2017, April 11(https://www.wri.org/blog/2017/04/interactive-chart-explains-worlds-top-10-emitters-and-how-theyve-changed)
Skinder, Bhat Mohd, Qayoom Sheikh, Afeefa, K. Pandit, Ashok, Ganai, Bashir Ahmad, Brick kiln emissions and its environmental impact: A Review, Academic Journals; Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment, 2014, January, Num 6: P 1-11.
Thomson, Andrew, Walker, Pete, Durability characteristics of straw bales in building envelopes, Construction and Building Materials, 2014, Num.68: P 135-141.
Milutiene, Edita, K. Staniskis, Jurgis, Krucius, Audrys, Auguliene, Vida, Ardickas, Daumilas, Increase in buildings sustainability by using renewable materials and energy, Clean Technologies and Environment Policy, 2012, December, Num 14: P 1075–1084.
Brojan, Larisa, Petric, Alja, L. Clouston, Peggi, A Comparative study of brick and straw bale wall systems from environmental, economical and energy perspectives, Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (ARPN), 2013, November, Num 11: P 920-926.
Lecompte, Thibaut, Le Duigou, Antoine, Mechanics of straw bales for building applications, Journal of Building Engineering, 2017, Num.9: P 84-90.
Walker, Pete, Thomson, Andrew, Daniel, Maskell, Straw Bale, Nonconventional and Vernacular Construction Materials, Editors: Kent A. Harries, Bhavna Sharma, 2016, February, 1st Edition, Part 2: Sec 6: P 127-155.
Szasz,Bianka, Pont,Ulrich, Mahdavi, Ardeshir, A Comparison of Straw-Bale and Conventional Brick Buildings in View of Energy Efficiency and Environmental Performance, Proceeding of the 2nd ICAUD International Conference in Architecture and Urban Design, Epoka University, Tirana, Albania, 2014, 08-10 May, P 243.
Zomarshidi, Hossein, Persian architecture: Construction with traditional materials, 2007, Wintre, Tehran, 9th edition, Zomorrod Publications, P 70-82. (In Persian)
Zomarshidi, Hossein, Persian architecture: Building material science, 2009, winter, Tehran, 4th edition, Zomorrod Publications, P 12-15. (In Persian)
Maher-ol-naghsh, Mahmood, Heritage of brickwork of ran, 2002, Tehran, 1th edition, Soroush Publications, P 12-15. (In Persian)
Foroutani, Sam, Materials and Building, 2009, Tehran, 8th edition, Rozaneh Publications, P 127-132. (In Persian)
Navaei, Kambiz, Haji Ghasemi, Kambiz, Brick and Imagination, 2011, Tehran, 1th edition, Soroush Publications, P 150. (In Persian)
Energy balance sheet of Ministry of energy, 2014-2017. (In Persian)
Sodagar, Behzad, Rai, Deepak, Jones, Barbara, Fieldson, Ros, The carbon-reduction potential of Straw-bale housing, Building Research & Information, 2011,Vol 39 (1), P 51-65.
king-Bruce, Design of Straw Bale Bulding: The State of the Art, San Rafeal, California, Green Building Press, 2006, P 259.
Khodabakhshian, Meghedy, Construction with straw bale and the possible use in Iran, Proceeding of the first National Conference of Sustainable architecture, 2011, P 512-521. (In Persian)
Statsical annals of management and planning organization of Iran for 2018, 2019. (In Persian)
Annals of ministry of Jihad-e Agriculture for 2014-2018. (In Persian)
Enacted legislations for guaranteed buying of agriculture products of management and planning organization of Iran, 2017-2020. (In Persian)
