پیش بینی روند توالی اکولوژیک تودههای ممرز- راش (مطالعه موردی: جنگل خیرود، نوشهر)
محورهای موضوعی :
منابع طبیعی
مهدی کاکاوند
1
,
خسرو ثاقب طالبی
2
,
کیومرث سفیدی
3
,
محمدرضا عبدلی
4
,
محمد رضا مروی مهاجر
5
,
مرتضی مریدی
6
1 - دکتری جنگل شناسی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - دانشیار پژوهش، موسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، تهران، ایران.
3 - دانشیار، دانشکده فناوری کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.
4 - استادیار، دانشکده فناوری کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.
5 - استاد، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.
6 - دانشجوی دکتری جنگلداری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1397/02/14
تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/07/25
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/03/01
کلید واژه:
تمایز قطری,
آشکوب بندی,
خشکهدار,
رقابت,
تمایز ارتفاعی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: جوامع جنگلی پیش از مرحلهی اوج از پویایی بسیار بالایی برخوردارند، به گونهای که حتی تغییرات کوچک به وجود آمده در شرایط این تودهها میتواند با پاسخ ناگهانی نظیر تغییر گونهی غالب و یا افزایش تعداد گونههای همراه در توده همراه باشد. هدف از این پژوهش پیش بینی روند توالی توده های ممرز- راش (beech- hornbeam) به سمت راشستان در جنگل های طبیعی هیرکانی شمال ایران است.مواد و روش ها: پس از مطالعه های میدانی سه قطعه نمونه به مساحت یک هکتار ( 100× 100 متر) که شامل تیپ ممرز- راش (تیپ مرحله میانی توالی جنگلهای هیرکانی) بودند انتخاب شد. در ابتدا چهار عامل آشکوب بندی گونه ای، نسبت تعداد نهال به پایه های مادری، درصد فراوانی خشکه دارهای توده و شاخص های تمایز قطری و ارتفاعی در قطعات نمونه اندازه گیری شد.یافته ها: نمودارهای آشکوب بندی گونه ای نشان دهنده حضور بارز گونه ی راش در آشکوب پایین هر سه توده با متوسط3/61 درصد می باشد و متوسط نسبت تعداد نهال به تعداد پایه های مادری برای گونه های راش و ممرز نیز به ترتیب 1/30 و3/2 می باشد. همچنین گونه ی ممرز بیشترین درصد فراوانی خشکه دارها را در قطعات نمونه با متوسط 67 درصد به خود اختصاص داده است. در نهایت نتایج حاصل از نمودارهای تمایز قطری و ارتفاعی به ترتیب با مقادیر 13/0 و 1/0 نشان دهنده رقابت بسیار شدید بین گونه ی راش و ممرز می باشد.بحث و نتیجه گیری: اندازه گیری رقابت در توده های طبیعی به همراه ترکیب نتایج آن با عواملی نظیر فراوانی خشکه دارها و نهال ها و همچنین آشکوب بندی در توده نشان از جایگزینی گونه ی راش به جای گونه ی ممرز دارد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Dynamics of Forest communities, before the climax stage, are very high, and small changes in the conditions of the stands would result in sudden responses such as dominant species changing or increasing the number of accessory species in the accessory stand. This study aims to predict the sequence of the beech- hornbeam stand toward beech stand in the semi-virgin forest Hyrcanian of northern Iran.Material& Methodology: After field studies, three sample plots with an area of one hectare (100 × 100 m) were selected, which included hornbeam-beech type (middle stage type of Hyrcanian forest sequence). At first, four species turbulence factors, the ratio of number of seedlings to mother rootstocks, the percentage of abundance of dry matter and the indices of diameter and height differentiation in the sample plots were measured.Findings: Layering Charts of species indicate the conspicuous presence of beech in the understory of three stands with 61.3 percentage on average. In addition, the average number of proportion of seedlings to the number of mother trees in beech and hornbeam were are 30.1 and 2.3, respectively. The highest percentage of dead trees’ (67%) frequency in the plots is related to Hornbeam species. The results of the TDi and THi indexes charts, with averages of 0.13 and 0.1, respectively, demonstrate a dramatic competition between beech and hornbeam.Discussion and Conclusion: Through the measuring of the competition in natural stands and combining results with other factors such as stage and seedling frequency and layering in the stand indicate that beech would be likely to be replaced by hornbeem.
منابع و مأخذ:
Knapp, H.D., 2005. Die globale Bedeutung der Kaspischen Wälder. In: Nosrati K, Marvie Mohadjer R, Bode W, Knapp HD (Eds) Schutz der Biologischen Vielfalt und integriertes Management der Kaspischen Wälder (nordiran). Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Bonn, pp 45–70
Sagheb-Talebi, K.h. Final report of National Research Project: Appropriate characteristics of beech stands for application of close to nature Silviculture (selection system). Tehran: Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands; 2014. 123p. (In Persian)
Zhu, J., Liu, Z., 2004. A review on disturbance ecology of forest. Journal of applied ecology, Vol. 15(10), pp. 1703-1710
Pickett, S.T.A., Mcdonnell, M.J., 1989. Changing perspectives in community dynamics: a theory of succession forces. Trends Ecology Evolution, Vol. 4 (8), pp. 241-245
Oliver, C.D., 1980. Forest development in North America following major disturbances. Forest ecology and management, Vol. 3 (2), pp. 153-168
Paine, R.T., Levin, S.A., 1981. Intertidal landscapes: disturbance and the dynamics of pattern. Ecological monographs, Vol. 51 (2), pp. 145-178
Oikonomakis, N., Ganatsas, P., 2012. Land cover changes and forest succession trends in site of Natura 2000 network (Elatia forest), in northern Greece. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 285, pp. 153-163
Horn, H. S., 1975. Forest succession. Scientific American, Vol. 232, pp. 90-98.
Clements, E., 1916. Plant succession: an analysis of the development of vegetation. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Vol. 242, pp. 140-143
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Arroyo-Mora. P. Forest cover assessment, fragmentation analysis and secondary forest detection for the Chorotega Region, Costa Rica. MSc Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton. 2002; 111p
Kalacska, M., Sanchez-Azofeifa, G.A., Calvo-Alvarado, J.C., Quesada, M.B., Janzen, D.H., 2004. Species composition, similarity and diversity in three successional stages of a seasonally dry tropical forest. Forest ecology and management, Vol. 200(1), pp. 227-247
Marvie-Mohadjer, M.R. Silviculture, Karaj : University of Tehran Press ; 2013. 387p. (In Persian)
Kakavand, M., Marvi-Mohadjer, M.R., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh, Sefdi, K., 2015. Structural diversity of mixed beech stands in the middle stage of succession Case Study: Gorazbon, Forest Kheyrood Noushahr). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, Vol. 22(3), pp. 411-422. (In Farsi with English abstract)
Kakavand, M., Marvi-Mohadjer, M.R., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh. Sefdi, K., 2014. Structure and Composition of Oriental Beech Stands in the Middle Stage of Ecological Succession in the Hyrcanain Region. Journal of Research forest and wood products, Vol. 68 (1), pp. 31-45. (In Farsi with English abstract)
Mitchell, K. J., 1975. Dynamics and simulated yield of Douglas-fir. Forest Science, Vol. 21(4), pp. 1-39
Shugart, H.H., Wes, D.C., 1980. Forest succession models. BioScience, Vol. 30(5), pp. 308-313
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Etemad. V. Quantity and quality investigation seed of fagus in the forests of Mazandaran province. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran. 2002; 258p. (In Persian)
Korpel. S., 1982. Degree of equilibrium and dynamical changes of the forest on example of natural forests of Slovakia. Acta facultatis forestalis zvolen, Vol. 24, pp. 9-31
Zobeiry, M. Forest Inventory (Measurement of Tree and Forest). Karaj: University of Tehran Press; 2005. 401p. (In Persian)
Dhar, A., Ruprecht, H., Vacik, H., 2008. Population viability risk management (PVRM) for in situ management of endangered tree species (A case study on a Taxus baccata L. population). Forest ecology and management, Vol. 255 (7), pp. 2835-2845
Pommerening, A., 2002 Approaches to quantifying forest structures. Journal of Forestry Research. Vol. 3 (1), pp. 305-324
Fuldner, K., 1995. Zur Strukturbeschreibung in Mischbeständen. Forstarchiv. Vlo. 66, pp. 235–240.
Queenborough, S.A., Burslem, D.F., Garwood, N.C., Valencia, R., 2007. Neighborhood and community interactions determine the spatial pattern of tropical tree seedling survival. Ecology, Vol. 88 (9), pp. 2248-2258
South, D.B., Barnett, J.P., 1986. Herbicides and planting date affect early performance of container-grown and bare-root loblolly pine seedlings in Alabama. New Forests, Vol. 1 (1), pp. 17-27
Sefidi, K., C.A. Copenheaver, Kakavand, M., Behjou, F.K., 2015. Structural Diversity within Mature Forests in Northern Iran: A Case Study from a Relic Population of Persian Ironwood (Parrotia persica CA Meyer). Forest Science, Vol. 61 (2), pp. 258-265
Ruprecht, H., Dhar, A.B., Aigner, G., Oitzinger, R., Klumpp, A. Vacik, H., 2010. Structural diversity of English yew (Taxus baccata L.) populations. European Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 129 (2), pp. 189 –198
Hajek, P., Seidel, D., Leuschner, C., 2015. Mechanical abrasion, and not competition for light, is the dominant canopy interaction in a temperate mixed forest. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 348 (2), pp. 108-116.
_||_
Knapp, H.D., 2005. Die globale Bedeutung der Kaspischen Wälder. In: Nosrati K, Marvie Mohadjer R, Bode W, Knapp HD (Eds) Schutz der Biologischen Vielfalt und integriertes Management der Kaspischen Wälder (nordiran). Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Bonn, pp 45–70
Sagheb-Talebi, K.h. Final report of National Research Project: Appropriate characteristics of beech stands for application of close to nature Silviculture (selection system). Tehran: Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands; 2014. 123p. (In Persian)
Zhu, J., Liu, Z., 2004. A review on disturbance ecology of forest. Journal of applied ecology, Vol. 15(10), pp. 1703-1710
Pickett, S.T.A., Mcdonnell, M.J., 1989. Changing perspectives in community dynamics: a theory of succession forces. Trends Ecology Evolution, Vol. 4 (8), pp. 241-245
Oliver, C.D., 1980. Forest development in North America following major disturbances. Forest ecology and management, Vol. 3 (2), pp. 153-168
Paine, R.T., Levin, S.A., 1981. Intertidal landscapes: disturbance and the dynamics of pattern. Ecological monographs, Vol. 51 (2), pp. 145-178
Oikonomakis, N., Ganatsas, P., 2012. Land cover changes and forest succession trends in site of Natura 2000 network (Elatia forest), in northern Greece. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 285, pp. 153-163
Horn, H. S., 1975. Forest succession. Scientific American, Vol. 232, pp. 90-98.
Clements, E., 1916. Plant succession: an analysis of the development of vegetation. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Vol. 242, pp. 140-143
Prach, K., Walker, L.R., 2011. Four opportunities for studies of ecological succession. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 26(3), pp. 119-123
Walker, L.R., Del Moral, R. Primary Succession and Ecosystem Rehabilitation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2003. 228p.
Arroyo-Mora. P. Forest cover assessment, fragmentation analysis and secondary forest detection for the Chorotega Region, Costa Rica. MSc Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton. 2002; 111p
Kalacska, M., Sanchez-Azofeifa, G.A., Calvo-Alvarado, J.C., Quesada, M.B., Janzen, D.H., 2004. Species composition, similarity and diversity in three successional stages of a seasonally dry tropical forest. Forest ecology and management, Vol. 200(1), pp. 227-247
Marvie-Mohadjer, M.R. Silviculture, Karaj : University of Tehran Press ; 2013. 387p. (In Persian)
Kakavand, M., Marvi-Mohadjer, M.R., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh, Sefdi, K., 2015. Structural diversity of mixed beech stands in the middle stage of succession Case Study: Gorazbon, Forest Kheyrood Noushahr). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, Vol. 22(3), pp. 411-422. (In Farsi with English abstract)
Kakavand, M., Marvi-Mohadjer, M.R., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh. Sefdi, K., 2014. Structure and Composition of Oriental Beech Stands in the Middle Stage of Ecological Succession in the Hyrcanain Region. Journal of Research forest and wood products, Vol. 68 (1), pp. 31-45. (In Farsi with English abstract)
Mitchell, K. J., 1975. Dynamics and simulated yield of Douglas-fir. Forest Science, Vol. 21(4), pp. 1-39
Shugart, H.H., Wes, D.C., 1980. Forest succession models. BioScience, Vol. 30(5), pp. 308-313
Shugart, H.H., West, D.C., Emanuel, W.R., 1981. Patterns and dynamics of forests: an application of simulation models: 74-94. In: West, D.C., Shugart, H.H. and Botkin, D.F. Forest Succession: Concepts and Application. Springer, New York, USA, 516p
Oliver, C.D. Larson, B. C. 1996. Forest Stand Dynamics, New York: John Wiley; 520 p.
Finegan, B., 1984. Forest succession. Nature, Vol. 312(8), pp. 109-114
Anonymous, Forest management plan of Kheyroud forest; 2003, 375p. (In Persian)
Etemad. V. Quantity and quality investigation seed of fagus in the forests of Mazandaran province. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran. 2002; 258p. (In Persian)
Korpel. S., 1982. Degree of equilibrium and dynamical changes of the forest on example of natural forests of Slovakia. Acta facultatis forestalis zvolen, Vol. 24, pp. 9-31
Zobeiry, M. Forest Inventory (Measurement of Tree and Forest). Karaj: University of Tehran Press; 2005. 401p. (In Persian)
Dhar, A., Ruprecht, H., Vacik, H., 2008. Population viability risk management (PVRM) for in situ management of endangered tree species (A case study on a Taxus baccata L. population). Forest ecology and management, Vol. 255 (7), pp. 2835-2845
Pommerening, A., 2002 Approaches to quantifying forest structures. Journal of Forestry Research. Vol. 3 (1), pp. 305-324
Fuldner, K., 1995. Zur Strukturbeschreibung in Mischbeständen. Forstarchiv. Vlo. 66, pp. 235–240.
Queenborough, S.A., Burslem, D.F., Garwood, N.C., Valencia, R., 2007. Neighborhood and community interactions determine the spatial pattern of tropical tree seedling survival. Ecology, Vol. 88 (9), pp. 2248-2258
South, D.B., Barnett, J.P., 1986. Herbicides and planting date affect early performance of container-grown and bare-root loblolly pine seedlings in Alabama. New Forests, Vol. 1 (1), pp. 17-27
Sefidi, K., C.A. Copenheaver, Kakavand, M., Behjou, F.K., 2015. Structural Diversity within Mature Forests in Northern Iran: A Case Study from a Relic Population of Persian Ironwood (Parrotia persica CA Meyer). Forest Science, Vol. 61 (2), pp. 258-265
Ruprecht, H., Dhar, A.B., Aigner, G., Oitzinger, R., Klumpp, A. Vacik, H., 2010. Structural diversity of English yew (Taxus baccata L.) populations. European Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 129 (2), pp. 189 –198
Hajek, P., Seidel, D., Leuschner, C., 2015. Mechanical abrasion, and not competition for light, is the dominant canopy interaction in a temperate mixed forest. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 348 (2), pp. 108-116.