تحلیل سطح دسترسی به فضاهای فراغتی درون‌شهری با استفاده از روش تحلیل شبکه (مورد مطالعه: محله‌های مسکونی منطقه 9 تهران)
محورهای موضوعی :
مدیریت محیط زیست
احمد پوراحمد
1
(استاد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.)
حسن رضایی نیا
2
(دانش آموخته دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.)
علی حسینی
3
(استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات).)
سهیلا اندیشه
4
(کارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه پیام نور تهران، تهران، ایران.)
میلاد امینی
5
(پژوهشگر دکتری شهرسازی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.)
تاریخ دریافت : 1395/09/09
تاریخ پذیرش : 1396/02/20
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/04/01
کلید واژه:
منطقه 9 شهر تهران,
دسترسی,
فضاهای فراغتی,
تحلیل شبکه,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: فضاهای گذران اوقات فراغت، از مهم ترین حوزه های عمل‌کردی در شهرها هستند. دسترسی مناسب به این فضاها می‌تواند نقش موثری در تعادل روحی شهروندان داشته باشد. به دلیل این‌که نوع دسترسی، بر اساس فاصله و زمان رسیدن از یک مکان به مکان دیگر سنجیده می‌شود، می‌توان به نقش بسیار مهم ساختار شبکه معابر در این زمینه پی برد.روش بررسی: در پژوهش حاضر، که به روش توصیفی تحلیلی و با استفاده از داده‌های کتاب‌خانه‌ای و میدانی انجام شده است، دسترسی به فضاهای فراغتی منطقه 9 تهران در ارتباط با شبکه معابر آن تحلیل گردید. با استفاده از روش تحلیل شبکه، در مجموع دسترسی به 11 نوع از فضاهای فراغتی در قالب 4 کاربری (پارک و فضای سبز، ورزشی، فرهنگی و پذیرایی) مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت.یافته ها: سطوح ارزیابی دسترسی، شامل سه سطح خوب، متوسط و ضعیف بود که یافته ها نشان داد دسترسی به فضاهای ورزشی مطلوب بوده و مراکز پذیرایی و پارک‌ها و فضای سبز نیز دارای دسترسی نسبتا مطلوبی هستند؛ اما دسترسی به فضاهای فرهنگی به صورت متوسط و ضعیف بود. به طور کلی از نظر کیفیت دسترسی، منطقه 9 تهران به دو بخش شرقی و غربی تقسیم شده است که نیمه غربی آن دارای دسترسی مطلوب‌تری نسبت به نیمه شرقی است.بحث و نتیجه گیری: هم‌چنین نتایج حاصل از نقشه دسترسی یکپارچه به فضاهای فراغتی نشان داد که دسترسی در جوار خیابان‌های اصلی و شریانی، بهتر از بخش های داخلی بلوک هاست. این مسأله در نیمه شرقی منطقه به وضوح مشخص است. نتیجه این امر، محرومیت بخش‌های داخلی محله‌ها و پیدایش نابرابری در دسترسی به فضاهای فراغتی است.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Leisure spaces are the most important functional areas of the city. Convenient access to these spaces can be effective in balancing the soul of citizens. Because the type of access is measured based on the distance and arrival time from one place to another, we can realize the crucial role of the network in this regard.Method: In this paper which has been done by descriptive analytic method using library and field data collecting, access to leisure spaces in district 9 of Tehran were analyzed in relation to the street network. In this way, access to 11 types of leisure spaces in four land use functions (parks and green space, sports, cultural and entertainment) were evaluated using network analysis.Findings: Levels of access assessment were including the good, average and poor levels and the results showed that access to the sport centers is mostly good and access to the parks, green spaces and catering spaces is relatively good, but access to the cultural spaces is average and poor. In terms of access quality, district 9 of Tehran is divided into two parts, east and west that the western half has better access to leisure spaces than another.Discussion and Conclusion: Also, the results of integrated access to leisure facilities map showed that access to leisure facilities along major arterial streets is better than near parts of blocks. This is especially clearly marked in the eastern half of the area. The result of this problem is exclusion the inside parts of neighborhoods and the rise of inequality in access to leisure spaces.
منابع و مأخذ:
Negreiros, J., Costa, A.C. Painho, M. & Santos, J. (2013). Autocorrelation, Autoregression and Kriging: Appraisal for the spatial interpolation issue. Retrieved from: http://labnt.isegi.unl.pt/links_CV/autocorrelation_autoregression_and_kriging.pdf
Anselin, L. (1995). Local indicators of spatial association-LISA. Geographical analysis, 27(2), 93-115.
Xie, Z., & Yan, J. (2013). Detecting traffic accident clusters with network kernel density estimation and local spatial statistics: an integrated approach. Journal of transport geography, 31, 64-71.
Durduran, S. S. (2010). A decision-making system to automatic recognize of traffic accidents on the basis of a GIS platform. Expert Systems with Applications, 37(12), 7729-7736.
Erdogan, S. (2009). Explorative spatial analysis of traffic accident statistics and road mortality among the provinces of Turkey. Journal of safety research, 40(5), 341-351.
Frazier, A. E., Bagchi-Sen, S., & Knight, J. (2013). The spatio-temporal impacts of demolition land use policy and crime in a shrinking city. Applied Geography, 41, 55-64.
Ahmad-Nazri, M. L., Aziz, N.A., Yusoff, N. H, & Wan, W.J. & Razak, A., (2013). Impacts of urban land use on crime patterns through GIS application, Planning Malaysia Geospatial Analysis in Urban Planning, 2, 1-22.
Zhong, H., Yin, J., Wu, J., Yao, S., Wang, Z., Lv, Z., & Yu, B. (2011). Spatial analysis for crime pattern of metropolis in transition using police records and GIS: a case study of Shanghai, China. International journal of digital content technology and its applications, 5(2), 93-105.
Righini, G., Cappelletti, A., Ciucci, A., Cremona, G., Piersanti, A., Vitali, L., & Ciancarella, L. (2014). GIS based assessment of the spatial representativeness of air quality monitoring stations using pollutant emissions data. Atmospheric Environment, 97, 121-129.
Fecht, D., Beale, L., & Briggs, D. (2014). A GIS-based urban simulation model for environmental health analysis. Environmental Modelling & Software, 58, 1-11.
Amer, S. (2007). Towards spatial justice in urban health services planning: a spatial-analytic GIS-based approach using Dar es Salaam, Tanzania as a case study (Vol. 140). Doctoral thesis, Utrecht University
Nuckols, J. R., Ward, M. H., & Jarup, L. (2004). Using geographic information systems for exposure assessment in environmental epidemiology studies. Environmental health perspectives, 112, 1007-1015.
Rahnama, M., (2005). Accessibility and Sustainability in Sydney, International Conferences on Health Risk, Bloyna, Italy, 356-370.
Tsou, K. W., Hung, Y. T., & Chang, Y. L. (2005). An accessibility-based integrated measure of relative spatial equity in urban public facilities. Cities, 22(6), 424-435.
Bassett, S. M. (2013). The role of spatial justice in the regeneration of urban spaces: Groningen, The Netherlands. MUP Capstone.
Pourahmad, A., Hosseini, A., Banaitis, A., Nasiri, H., Banaitienė, N., & Tzeng, G.H., (2015). Combination of fuzzy-AHP and DEMATEL-ANP with GIS in a new hybrid MCDM model used for the selection of the best space for leisure in a blighted urban site. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 21(5), 773-796.
Talen, E. (1998). Visualizing fairness: Equity maps for planners. Journal of the American Planning Association, 64(1), 22-38.
Rahnama; M. R. (2008). Principles, foundations and models for measuring the physical form of the city. First Edition, Mashhad, Mashhad Jihad-daneshgahi. (In Persian)
Zebardast, E. & Mohammadi; A., 2005; Site selection of relief centers (in the event of an earthquake) using GIS and AHP multi-criteria assessment method. Fine Arts, 21. 5-16. (In Persian)
Rahnama, M. R. & Zabihi, J. (2011). Analysis of the distribution of public facilities in the direction of spatial justice with an integrated access model in Mashhad. Geography and Development, 23, 5-26. (In Persian)
Zarei, Y. (2010). Analysis of spatial distribution and location of urban services in Noorabad city using GIS; Master Thesis in Geography and Urban Planning, Isfahan, University of Isfahan. (In Persian)
Pourahmad, A., Hosseini, A. & Nasiri, H., 2012. Strategies for improving leisure spaces position with an emphasis on urban regeneration: A case study of Ghaytarieh neighborhood, Tehran. Current Issues in Hospitality and Tourism- Research and Innovations, in S. Radzi, R. Hashim, C. Chik, R. Abu (Eds.). London, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis.
Zangiabadi, A. & Tabrizi, N. (2006). Tehran earthquake and spatial assessment of vulnerabilities in urban areas. Human Geography Research, 56, 130-115. (In Persian)
Mohammadzadeh Asl, N., Imam Verdi, G. & Serirafraz, M. (2010). Ranking of urban welfare indicators in different areas of Tehran; Journal of Urban Research and Planning, 1(1), 85-106. (In Persian)
Pourahmad, A. & Akbarpour-Sarakanrud, M., Sotoudeh, S. (2009). Urban green space management in District 9 of Tehran Municipality. Human Geography Research, 69, 50-29. (In Persian)
Amood Consulting Engineers (2007). Detailed plan of District 9 of Tehran Municipality; Tehran, Ministry of Roads and Urban Development and Tehran Municipality. (In Persian)
Tehran Center for Studies and Planning (2005). Studies of the development model of District 9 of Tehran Municipality; Tehran, Amood Consulting Engineers. (In Persian)
Abdoli, M. A., Haidari, M. & Kargar, A. A. (2010). Investigation of industrial waste management in District 9 of Tehran Municipality. Environmental Studies, 36(55), 66-59. (In Persian)
Matinfar, M. (2012). Urban Blighted of District 9 of Tehran Municipality. Retrieved from: http://nosazan9.blogfa.com/post-1.aspx (In Persian)
Emira, M., & Thompson, D. (2011). In the quest for their trust: the perceptions of families on accessing leisure services for disabled children. Leisure Studies, 30(1), 33-48.
Devas, M. (2003). Support and access in sports and leisure provision. Disability & society, 18(2), 231-245.
Singleton, J. F. (2012). The World Leisure Commission on Access and Inclusion. World Leisure Journal, 54(3), 297-300.
Stumbo, N. J., Wang, Y., & Pegg, S. (2011). Issues of access: what matters to people with disabilities as they seek leisure experiences. World Leisure Journal, 53(2), 91-103.
Jain, R. (2007). Access to leisure: Impact of forces of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation on socially disadvantaged groups in India. World Leisure Journal, 49(1), 15-23.
Philipp, S. F. (1997). Race, gender, and leisure benefits. Leisure Sciences, 19(3), 191-207.
Hernandez, D. O., & Titheridge, H. (2015). Mobilities of the periphery: Informality, access and social exclusion in the urban fringe in Colombia. Journal of Transport Geography. (In press).
Srichuae, S., Nitivattananon, V., & Perera, R. (2016). Aging society in Bangkok and the factors affecting mobility of elderly in urban public spaces and transportation facilities. Iatss Research, 40(1), 26-34.
Willemse, L & Donaldson, R. (2012). Community Neighbourhood Park (CNP) Use in Cape Town’s Townships, Urban Forum, 23, 221–231
Ziari, K., Mahdian Bahnemiri, M. & Mehdi, A. (2013). Assessing and measuring the spatial justice of using urban public services based on population distribution and accessibility in Babolsar city. Applied Research in Geographical Sciences, 13(28), 241-217. (In Persian)
Lavi, M. & Mamdouhi; A. R. (2012). Development of a descriptive model of spatial access to public health services using the two-stage floating penetration method (Case study: District 10 of Isfahan Municipality). Human Geography Research, 44(4), 92-79. (In Persian)
Levine, J., & Garb, Y. (2002). Congestion pricing's conditional promise: promotion of accessibility or mobility?. Transport Policy, 9(3), 179-188.
Luo, W. & Wang, F. (2003). Measures of spatial accessibility to health care in a GIS environment: synthesis and a case study in the Chicago region. Environment and Planning B, 30(6), 865-884.
Kwok, R. C. & Yeh, A. G. (2004). The use of modal accessibility gap as an indicator for sustainable transport development. Environment and Planning A, 36(5), 921-936.
Purqiomi, H. (2010). An analysis of the spatial distribution and location of urban services in Kazerun using GIS; Master Thesis in Geography and Urban Planning, University of Isfahan. (In Persian)
Geurs, K. T. & Ritsema van Eck, J. R. (2001). Accessibility measures: review and applications. Evaluation of accessibility impacts of land-use transportation scenarios, and related social and economic impact. RIVM report no.408505-006, Bilthoven.
Joseph, A. E. & Phillips, D. R. (1984). Accessibility and utilization: geographical perspectives on health care delivery. Sage. USA.
Wang, F. (2006). Quantitative Methods and Applications in GIS. CRC Press, USA.
Fortney, J., Rost, K., & Warren, J. (2000). Comparing alternative methods of measuring geographic access to health services. Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology, 1(2), 173-184.
Rahnama, M.R. & Forghani, H. (2008). Planning bus access in Iran: Mashhad. Modares Humanities Journal, 12 (2), 96-73. (In Persian)
Flahat, M. S. & Kalami, M. (2008). The effect of urban open spaces on the quality of citizens' leisure time. Urban Management Quarterly, 22, 97-85. (In Persian)
Loures, L., Santos, R. & Panagopoulos, T. (2007). Urban parks and sustainable city planning-The case of Portimão, Portugal. Population, 15, 23.
Hekmati, J. (1990). Design of parks and gardens; Tehran, Siah Tiri Publications. (In Persian)
Karimi Saleh, M. J. (2006). Sports spaces and urban design; The first national conference on the city and sports. (In Persian)
Ali Mohammadi; M. (2012). Division of sports venues Retrieved from: http://sportxmanagement.blogfa.com (In Persian)
Statistics Center of Iran (2011). the General Census of Population and Housing. (In Persian)
Bahram Soltani, K. (1995). Proposing a method for calculating per capita urban green space. Abadi, 5(17), 97-94. (In Persian)
Management and Planning Organization (2001). Urban green space planning rules and standards; Tehran, Office of Technical Affairs and Codification. (In Persian)
Razaviyan, M. T. (2002). Urban land use planning; Tehran, Monsh Publications. (In Persian)
_||_
Negreiros, J., Costa, A.C. Painho, M. & Santos, J. (2013). Autocorrelation, Autoregression and Kriging: Appraisal for the spatial interpolation issue. Retrieved from: http://labnt.isegi.unl.pt/links_CV/autocorrelation_autoregression_and_kriging.pdf
Anselin, L. (1995). Local indicators of spatial association-LISA. Geographical analysis, 27(2), 93-115.
Xie, Z., & Yan, J. (2013). Detecting traffic accident clusters with network kernel density estimation and local spatial statistics: an integrated approach. Journal of transport geography, 31, 64-71.
Durduran, S. S. (2010). A decision-making system to automatic recognize of traffic accidents on the basis of a GIS platform. Expert Systems with Applications, 37(12), 7729-7736.
Erdogan, S. (2009). Explorative spatial analysis of traffic accident statistics and road mortality among the provinces of Turkey. Journal of safety research, 40(5), 341-351.
Frazier, A. E., Bagchi-Sen, S., & Knight, J. (2013). The spatio-temporal impacts of demolition land use policy and crime in a shrinking city. Applied Geography, 41, 55-64.
Ahmad-Nazri, M. L., Aziz, N.A., Yusoff, N. H, & Wan, W.J. & Razak, A., (2013). Impacts of urban land use on crime patterns through GIS application, Planning Malaysia Geospatial Analysis in Urban Planning, 2, 1-22.
Zhong, H., Yin, J., Wu, J., Yao, S., Wang, Z., Lv, Z., & Yu, B. (2011). Spatial analysis for crime pattern of metropolis in transition using police records and GIS: a case study of Shanghai, China. International journal of digital content technology and its applications, 5(2), 93-105.
Righini, G., Cappelletti, A., Ciucci, A., Cremona, G., Piersanti, A., Vitali, L., & Ciancarella, L. (2014). GIS based assessment of the spatial representativeness of air quality monitoring stations using pollutant emissions data. Atmospheric Environment, 97, 121-129.
Fecht, D., Beale, L., & Briggs, D. (2014). A GIS-based urban simulation model for environmental health analysis. Environmental Modelling & Software, 58, 1-11.
Amer, S. (2007). Towards spatial justice in urban health services planning: a spatial-analytic GIS-based approach using Dar es Salaam, Tanzania as a case study (Vol. 140). Doctoral thesis, Utrecht University
Nuckols, J. R., Ward, M. H., & Jarup, L. (2004). Using geographic information systems for exposure assessment in environmental epidemiology studies. Environmental health perspectives, 112, 1007-1015.
Rahnama, M., (2005). Accessibility and Sustainability in Sydney, International Conferences on Health Risk, Bloyna, Italy, 356-370.
Tsou, K. W., Hung, Y. T., & Chang, Y. L. (2005). An accessibility-based integrated measure of relative spatial equity in urban public facilities. Cities, 22(6), 424-435.
Bassett, S. M. (2013). The role of spatial justice in the regeneration of urban spaces: Groningen, The Netherlands. MUP Capstone.
Pourahmad, A., Hosseini, A., Banaitis, A., Nasiri, H., Banaitienė, N., & Tzeng, G.H., (2015). Combination of fuzzy-AHP and DEMATEL-ANP with GIS in a new hybrid MCDM model used for the selection of the best space for leisure in a blighted urban site. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 21(5), 773-796.
Talen, E. (1998). Visualizing fairness: Equity maps for planners. Journal of the American Planning Association, 64(1), 22-38.
Rahnama; M. R. (2008). Principles, foundations and models for measuring the physical form of the city. First Edition, Mashhad, Mashhad Jihad-daneshgahi. (In Persian)
Zebardast, E. & Mohammadi; A., 2005; Site selection of relief centers (in the event of an earthquake) using GIS and AHP multi-criteria assessment method. Fine Arts, 21. 5-16. (In Persian)
Rahnama, M. R. & Zabihi, J. (2011). Analysis of the distribution of public facilities in the direction of spatial justice with an integrated access model in Mashhad. Geography and Development, 23, 5-26. (In Persian)
Zarei, Y. (2010). Analysis of spatial distribution and location of urban services in Noorabad city using GIS; Master Thesis in Geography and Urban Planning, Isfahan, University of Isfahan. (In Persian)
Pourahmad, A., Hosseini, A. & Nasiri, H., 2012. Strategies for improving leisure spaces position with an emphasis on urban regeneration: A case study of Ghaytarieh neighborhood, Tehran. Current Issues in Hospitality and Tourism- Research and Innovations, in S. Radzi, R. Hashim, C. Chik, R. Abu (Eds.). London, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis.
Zangiabadi, A. & Tabrizi, N. (2006). Tehran earthquake and spatial assessment of vulnerabilities in urban areas. Human Geography Research, 56, 130-115. (In Persian)
Mohammadzadeh Asl, N., Imam Verdi, G. & Serirafraz, M. (2010). Ranking of urban welfare indicators in different areas of Tehran; Journal of Urban Research and Planning, 1(1), 85-106. (In Persian)
Pourahmad, A. & Akbarpour-Sarakanrud, M., Sotoudeh, S. (2009). Urban green space management in District 9 of Tehran Municipality. Human Geography Research, 69, 50-29. (In Persian)
Amood Consulting Engineers (2007). Detailed plan of District 9 of Tehran Municipality; Tehran, Ministry of Roads and Urban Development and Tehran Municipality. (In Persian)
Tehran Center for Studies and Planning (2005). Studies of the development model of District 9 of Tehran Municipality; Tehran, Amood Consulting Engineers. (In Persian)
Abdoli, M. A., Haidari, M. & Kargar, A. A. (2010). Investigation of industrial waste management in District 9 of Tehran Municipality. Environmental Studies, 36(55), 66-59. (In Persian)
Matinfar, M. (2012). Urban Blighted of District 9 of Tehran Municipality. Retrieved from: http://nosazan9.blogfa.com/post-1.aspx (In Persian)
Emira, M., & Thompson, D. (2011). In the quest for their trust: the perceptions of families on accessing leisure services for disabled children. Leisure Studies, 30(1), 33-48.
Devas, M. (2003). Support and access in sports and leisure provision. Disability & society, 18(2), 231-245.
Singleton, J. F. (2012). The World Leisure Commission on Access and Inclusion. World Leisure Journal, 54(3), 297-300.
Stumbo, N. J., Wang, Y., & Pegg, S. (2011). Issues of access: what matters to people with disabilities as they seek leisure experiences. World Leisure Journal, 53(2), 91-103.
Jain, R. (2007). Access to leisure: Impact of forces of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation on socially disadvantaged groups in India. World Leisure Journal, 49(1), 15-23.
Philipp, S. F. (1997). Race, gender, and leisure benefits. Leisure Sciences, 19(3), 191-207.
Hernandez, D. O., & Titheridge, H. (2015). Mobilities of the periphery: Informality, access and social exclusion in the urban fringe in Colombia. Journal of Transport Geography. (In press).
Srichuae, S., Nitivattananon, V., & Perera, R. (2016). Aging society in Bangkok and the factors affecting mobility of elderly in urban public spaces and transportation facilities. Iatss Research, 40(1), 26-34.
Willemse, L & Donaldson, R. (2012). Community Neighbourhood Park (CNP) Use in Cape Town’s Townships, Urban Forum, 23, 221–231
Ziari, K., Mahdian Bahnemiri, M. & Mehdi, A. (2013). Assessing and measuring the spatial justice of using urban public services based on population distribution and accessibility in Babolsar city. Applied Research in Geographical Sciences, 13(28), 241-217. (In Persian)
Lavi, M. & Mamdouhi; A. R. (2012). Development of a descriptive model of spatial access to public health services using the two-stage floating penetration method (Case study: District 10 of Isfahan Municipality). Human Geography Research, 44(4), 92-79. (In Persian)
Levine, J., & Garb, Y. (2002). Congestion pricing's conditional promise: promotion of accessibility or mobility?. Transport Policy, 9(3), 179-188.
Luo, W. & Wang, F. (2003). Measures of spatial accessibility to health care in a GIS environment: synthesis and a case study in the Chicago region. Environment and Planning B, 30(6), 865-884.
Kwok, R. C. & Yeh, A. G. (2004). The use of modal accessibility gap as an indicator for sustainable transport development. Environment and Planning A, 36(5), 921-936.
Purqiomi, H. (2010). An analysis of the spatial distribution and location of urban services in Kazerun using GIS; Master Thesis in Geography and Urban Planning, University of Isfahan. (In Persian)
Geurs, K. T. & Ritsema van Eck, J. R. (2001). Accessibility measures: review and applications. Evaluation of accessibility impacts of land-use transportation scenarios, and related social and economic impact. RIVM report no.408505-006, Bilthoven.
Joseph, A. E. & Phillips, D. R. (1984). Accessibility and utilization: geographical perspectives on health care delivery. Sage. USA.
Wang, F. (2006). Quantitative Methods and Applications in GIS. CRC Press, USA.
Fortney, J., Rost, K., & Warren, J. (2000). Comparing alternative methods of measuring geographic access to health services. Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology, 1(2), 173-184.
Rahnama, M.R. & Forghani, H. (2008). Planning bus access in Iran: Mashhad. Modares Humanities Journal, 12 (2), 96-73. (In Persian)
Flahat, M. S. & Kalami, M. (2008). The effect of urban open spaces on the quality of citizens' leisure time. Urban Management Quarterly, 22, 97-85. (In Persian)
Loures, L., Santos, R. & Panagopoulos, T. (2007). Urban parks and sustainable city planning-The case of Portimão, Portugal. Population, 15, 23.
Hekmati, J. (1990). Design of parks and gardens; Tehran, Siah Tiri Publications. (In Persian)
Karimi Saleh, M. J. (2006). Sports spaces and urban design; The first national conference on the city and sports. (In Persian)
Ali Mohammadi; M. (2012). Division of sports venues Retrieved from: http://sportxmanagement.blogfa.com (In Persian)
Statistics Center of Iran (2011). the General Census of Population and Housing. (In Persian)
Bahram Soltani, K. (1995). Proposing a method for calculating per capita urban green space. Abadi, 5(17), 97-94. (In Persian)
Management and Planning Organization (2001). Urban green space planning rules and standards; Tehran, Office of Technical Affairs and Codification. (In Persian)
Razaviyan, M. T. (2002). Urban land use planning; Tehran, Monsh Publications. (In Persian)
