بررسی میزان غلظت ذرات معلق در ایستگاه های زیرزمینی متروی شهر تهران و مقایسه آن با غلظت های محیطی
محورهای موضوعی : آلودگی هواآمنه بلورچی 1 , فریده عتابی 2 , فرامرز معطر 3 , مهدی علی احیایی 4
1 - دکترای مهندسی محیط زیست، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
2 - دانشیار گروه مهندسی محیط زیست، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران (مسوول مکاتبات).
3 - استاد گروه مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده محیط زیست و انرژی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران،
4 - دانشیارگروه مهندسی مکانیک، واحد پردیس، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، پردیس، ایران. ،
کلید واژه: اندازه گیری میدانی, غلظت متوسط سالانه ذرات, PM10, ایستگاه زیرزمینی مترو, محیط آزاد, PM2.5,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: خطوط مترو 20 درصد از سهم کل جابجایی مسافر در شهر تهران را بر عهده دارند. ذرات معلق از مهمترین آلاینده های اصلی موجود درایستگاه های مترو هستند و افزایش غلظت آنها منجر به پیامدهای بهداشتی متعددی برای مسافران و کارکنان مترو میگردد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی میزان غلظت PM10و PM2.5 در چهار ایستگاه زیرزمینی مترو (آزادی، انقلاب، توحید و ولی عصر) و مقایسه آن ها با غلطت این ذرات در هوای آزاد، انجام شد. روش بررسی: اندازه گیری غلظت های فصلی ذرات معلق (فروردین 1395 الی فروردین 1396) به مدت یک هفته در ماه های میانی هر فصل، در ساعات 8 صبح الی 12 ظهر و در سه نقطه در داخل هر ایستگاه (ورودی، میانی و خروجی) و محیط خارج آن انجام شد. سپس نتـایج حاصـله بـا اسـتانداردهای مربوطه مقایسه گردید . یافته ها: منابع اصلی ذرات معلق در ایستگاه های مترو ناشی از تردد مسافران، فعالیت پیستونی قطار، نظافت محیط داخل ایستگاه، عملیات تعمیر و نگهداری، ترمز، سایش چرخ و ریل و سیستم های تهویه ایستگاه بودند. نتایج اندازه گیری ها در این تحقیق نشان داد که میـانگین سالانه غلظـت PM10و PM2.5 در چهار ایسـتگاه های متروی مذکور به ترتیب 68 و 47 میکروگــرم برمترمکعــب و در هوای آزاد اطراف این ایستگاه ها به ترتیب 42 و 29 میکروگرم بر مترمکعب بوده است. بحث و نتیجه گیری: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد کـه در محیط داخل چهار ایستگاه زیرزمینی متروی مورد نظر، میزان میانگین سالانه غلظت PM10و PM2.5 به ترتیب، 5/1 7/1 برابر مقدار غلظت آن ها در هوای آزاد بوده است.
Background and Objectives: Metro lines are responsible for 20% of the total passenger traffic in Tehran. Particulate matter is one of the most important major pollutants in subway stations and increasing their concentration leads to numerous health consequences for passengers and subway employees. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 in four underground metro stations (Azadi, Enghelab, Tohid and Vali Asr) and compare them with the concentration of these particles in the open air. Research Method:Seasonal sampling (April 2016 - April 2017) of particulate matters was conducted in the middle months of all four seasons for one week in the middle months of each season at peak traffic times from 8 am to 12 am, at three locations (entrance, middle, and exit in each station) and also at outside ambient of each station. The results were then compared with the relevant standards. Results and Discussions: The main sources of suspended particulate matter in the underground subway stations were due to passenger traffic, train piston pressure, floor cleaning, maintenance operations, wheel-rail wear and braking and the performance of ventilation system in the subway station. The results of the monitoring measurements in this study showed that the annual average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in the four underground subway stations were 68 µg/m3 and 47 µg/m3 and in the outdoor ambient around these stations were 42 and 29 µg/m3, respectively. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that in the four underground subway stations, the annual average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 were 1.5 - 1.7 times higher than those in the outdoor ambient, respectively.
- Abbaspour, M., Jafari, M. J., Mansouri, N., Moattar, F., Nouri, N., Allahyari, M., 2008. Thermal comfort evaluation in Tehran metro using Relative Warmth Index. Atmos Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech, Vol 5 (3), pp. 297-304. (Persian)
- Cheng, Y.H and Yan, J.W., 2011. Comparisons of particulate matter, CO, and CO2 levels in underground and ground level stations in the Taipei mass rapid transit system. Atmospheric Environment, Vol 45, pp. 4882-4891.
- Fenger S., 1999. Urban air quality. Atmospheric Environment, Vol 33, pp. 4877-4900.
- Ainsworth, B. E., Haskell, W. L., Herrmann, S. D., 2011. Compendium of physical activities: A second update of codes and MET values. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol 43(8), pp. 1575-1581.
- Park, D.U. and Ha, K.C., 2008. Characteristics of PM10, PM2.5, CO2 and CO monitored in interiors and platforms of subway train in Seoul, Korea. Environ. Int, Vol 34, pp. 629-634.
- Karlsson, H.L., Nilsson, L., Mo¨ller, L., 2005. Subway particles are more genotoxic than street particles and induce oxidative stress in cultured human lung cells. Chemical Research in Toxicology, Vol 18, pp. 19–23.
- Adams H., M. Nieuwenhuijsen, R. Colvile, M. McMullen, P. Khandelwal., 2001. “Fine particle (PM2.5) personal exposure levels in transport microenvironments, London, UK. The Science of the Total Environment, Vol 279, pp. 29-44.
- Johansson C., P.A. Johansson., 2003. Particulate matter in the underground of Stockholm. Atmospheric Environment, Vol 37, pp. 3-9.
- Ripanucci G., M. Grana, L. Vicentini, A. Magrini, A. Bergamaschi., 2006. Dust in the underground railway tunnels of an Italian town. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Vol 3, pp.16-25.
- Aarnio, P., Yli-Tuomi, T., Kousa, A., Mäkelä, T., Hirsikko, A., Hämeri, K., Päisänen, M., Hillamo, R., Koskentalo, T. and Jantunen. M., 2005. The concentrations and composition of and exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) in the Helsinki subway system. Atmospheric Environment, Vol 39, pp. 5059-5066.
- Salma, I., Pósfai, M., Kovács, K., Kuzmann, E., Homonnay, Z. and Posta, J., 2009. Properties and sources of individual particles and some chemical species in the aerosol of a metropolitan underground railway station. Atmospheric Environment, Vol 43, pp. 3460-3466.
- Chang, S.C., Chou, C.C.K., Chan, C.C. and Lee, C.T., 2010. Temporal characteristics from continuous measurementsof PM2.5 and speciation at the Taipei aerosol supersite from 2002 to 2008. Atmospheric Environment. Vol 44, pp. 1088-1096.
- Kim, K.Y. and Kim, Y.S., et al., 2008. Spatial distribution of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) in Seoul metropolitan subway stations. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol 154, pp. 440-443.
- Kam, W., Cheung, K., Daher, N. and Sioutas, C., 2010. Particulate matter (PM) concentrations in underground and ground-level rail systems of the Los Angeles metro. Atmospheric Environment, Vol 45, pp. 1506-1516.
- Bao, L., Lei, Q., Tan, M., Li, X., Zhang, G., Liu, W. and Li, Y., 2014. Study on transition metals in airborne particulate matter in Shanghai city's subway. EU PMC, Vol 35(6), pp. 2052-2059.
- Wang, X. and Gao, H.O., 2011. Exposure to fine particle mass and number concentrations in urban transportation environments of New York city.Transp. Res. D Trans. Environ, Vol 16, pp. 384-391.
- Tehran Metro Public Relations., 2016. Tehran and suburban metro map. http://www.tehranmetro.com. (In Persian)
- Asmi, E., Antola, M., Yli-Tuomi, T., Jantunen, M., Aarnio, P., Mäkelä, T., Hillamo, R. and Hämeri. K., 2009. Driver and passenger exposure to aerosol particles in buses and trams in Helsinki, Finland. Sci. Total Environ, Vol 407, pp. 2860- 2867.
_||_
- Abbaspour, M., Jafari, M. J., Mansouri, N., Moattar, F., Nouri, N., Allahyari, M., 2008. Thermal comfort evaluation in Tehran metro using Relative Warmth Index. Atmos Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech, Vol 5 (3), pp. 297-304. (Persian)
- Cheng, Y.H and Yan, J.W., 2011. Comparisons of particulate matter, CO, and CO2 levels in underground and ground level stations in the Taipei mass rapid transit system. Atmospheric Environment, Vol 45, pp. 4882-4891.
- Fenger S., 1999. Urban air quality. Atmospheric Environment, Vol 33, pp. 4877-4900.
- Ainsworth, B. E., Haskell, W. L., Herrmann, S. D., 2011. Compendium of physical activities: A second update of codes and MET values. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol 43(8), pp. 1575-1581.
- Park, D.U. and Ha, K.C., 2008. Characteristics of PM10, PM2.5, CO2 and CO monitored in interiors and platforms of subway train in Seoul, Korea. Environ. Int, Vol 34, pp. 629-634.
- Karlsson, H.L., Nilsson, L., Mo¨ller, L., 2005. Subway particles are more genotoxic than street particles and induce oxidative stress in cultured human lung cells. Chemical Research in Toxicology, Vol 18, pp. 19–23.
- Adams H., M. Nieuwenhuijsen, R. Colvile, M. McMullen, P. Khandelwal., 2001. “Fine particle (PM2.5) personal exposure levels in transport microenvironments, London, UK. The Science of the Total Environment, Vol 279, pp. 29-44.
- Johansson C., P.A. Johansson., 2003. Particulate matter in the underground of Stockholm. Atmospheric Environment, Vol 37, pp. 3-9.
- Ripanucci G., M. Grana, L. Vicentini, A. Magrini, A. Bergamaschi., 2006. Dust in the underground railway tunnels of an Italian town. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Vol 3, pp.16-25.
- Aarnio, P., Yli-Tuomi, T., Kousa, A., Mäkelä, T., Hirsikko, A., Hämeri, K., Päisänen, M., Hillamo, R., Koskentalo, T. and Jantunen. M., 2005. The concentrations and composition of and exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) in the Helsinki subway system. Atmospheric Environment, Vol 39, pp. 5059-5066.
- Salma, I., Pósfai, M., Kovács, K., Kuzmann, E., Homonnay, Z. and Posta, J., 2009. Properties and sources of individual particles and some chemical species in the aerosol of a metropolitan underground railway station. Atmospheric Environment, Vol 43, pp. 3460-3466.
- Chang, S.C., Chou, C.C.K., Chan, C.C. and Lee, C.T., 2010. Temporal characteristics from continuous measurementsof PM2.5 and speciation at the Taipei aerosol supersite from 2002 to 2008. Atmospheric Environment. Vol 44, pp. 1088-1096.
- Kim, K.Y. and Kim, Y.S., et al., 2008. Spatial distribution of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) in Seoul metropolitan subway stations. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol 154, pp. 440-443.
- Kam, W., Cheung, K., Daher, N. and Sioutas, C., 2010. Particulate matter (PM) concentrations in underground and ground-level rail systems of the Los Angeles metro. Atmospheric Environment, Vol 45, pp. 1506-1516.
- Bao, L., Lei, Q., Tan, M., Li, X., Zhang, G., Liu, W. and Li, Y., 2014. Study on transition metals in airborne particulate matter in Shanghai city's subway. EU PMC, Vol 35(6), pp. 2052-2059.
- Wang, X. and Gao, H.O., 2011. Exposure to fine particle mass and number concentrations in urban transportation environments of New York city.Transp. Res. D Trans. Environ, Vol 16, pp. 384-391.
- Tehran Metro Public Relations., 2016. Tehran and suburban metro map. http://www.tehranmetro.com. (In Persian)
- Asmi, E., Antola, M., Yli-Tuomi, T., Jantunen, M., Aarnio, P., Mäkelä, T., Hillamo, R. and Hämeri. K., 2009. Driver and passenger exposure to aerosol particles in buses and trams in Helsinki, Finland. Sci. Total Environ, Vol 407, pp. 2860- 2867.