دیدگاه دستاندرکاران محلی و دولتی جنگل نسبت به کشاورزی و دامداری در جنگل های شهرستان سروآباد (مطالعه موردی: جنگل های سامان عرفی آلمانه)
محورهای موضوعی :
منابع طبیعی
سروش ذبیح اللهی
1
,
جواد میرزایی
2
,
فرزاد اسکندری
3
,
منوچهر نمیرانیان
4
,
آرزو سلطانی
5
1 - دانشآموخته دکتری جنگلداری، گروه علوم جنگل، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران.
2 - دانشیار گروه علوم جنگل، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - استادیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران.
4 - استاد گروه جنگلداری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.
5 - دانشیار گروه علوم محیطزیست و مدیریت منابع طبیعی، دانشکده علوم محیطی و مدیریت منابع طبیعی دانشگاه علوم زیستی نروژ، آس، نروژ.
تاریخ دریافت : 1398/09/05
تاریخ پذیرش : 1399/04/09
تاریخ انتشار : 1402/08/01
کلید واژه:
مردم محلی,
سامان عرفی آلمانه,
پرسشنامه,
ادارههای دولتی,
تعارض,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: از فعالیت های تبدیل جنگل به زمین کشاورزی، زراعت در زیر آشکوب جنگل و چرای دام در جنگل به عنوان مهم ترین عوامل تخریب جنگل های زاگرس یاد می شود و در این مورد دست اندرکاران محلی و دولتی نظرات متناقضی با یکدیگر دارند. در روستای جنگلی آلمانه فعالیت های کشاورزی اعم از زراعت و باغبانی یا در داخل جنگل (به صورت زراعت در زیر آشکوب جنگل، یا جنگل تراشی و تبدیل آن به زراعت و باغ) و یا در حاشیه جنگل انجام می گیرد که در هر صورت بر جنگل تأثیرگذار هستند. همچنین در این روستا دامداری نیز تأثیر مستقیمی بر جنگل داشته و همواره می توان آن را جزء جدایی ناپذیر جنگل عنوان نمود. این تحقیق با هدف دستیابی به دیدگاه دست اندرکاران در مورد فعالیت های کشاورزی و دامداری در جنگل های سامان عرفی آلمانه شهرستان سروآباد در زمستان سال 1396 انجام گرفت.روش بررسی: جامعه آماری این تحقیق شامل مردم روستای آلمانه و تعدادی از کارشناسان اداره های منابع طبیعی و جهاد کشاورزی استان کردستان است. ابزار اصلی تحقیق پرسشنامه است و در مجموع دیدگاه 115 نفر از دست اندرکاران محلی و دولتی به روش طیف لیکرت در مورد سه فعالیت تبدیل جنگل به زمین کشاورزی، زراعت در زیرآشکوب جنگل و چرای دام در جنگل مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. جهت تحلیل داده ها از آزمون های آماری کروسکال والیس و من وایت نی استفاده و کلیه تحلیل ها توسط نرم افزار آماری SPSS نسخه 22 انجام شد.یافته ها: بر اساس نتایج، دست اندرکاران محلی فعالیت های خود را در راستای تخریب جنگل دانستند و کارشناسان کشاورزی نیز با آنان هم عقیده بودند. اما کارشناسان منابع طبیعی دیدگاه مخالفی داشتند. در مجموع دست اندرکاران محلی و دولتی در مورد بسیاری از گویه های مربوط به فعالیت ها دیدگاه متفاوتی داشتند و تعارض بین بهره برداران محلی و کارشناسان دولتی، خصوصاً کارشناسان منابع طبیعی به وضوح مشاهده گردید.بحث و نتیجه گیری: در نهایت از دیدگاه دست اندرکاران، یک گویهی مشترک به عنوان گویهی منتخب در هر سه فعالیت انتخاب گردید که نشان داد انجام این فعالیت ها، به دلیل مشکلات اقتصادی و کمبود درآمد مردم محلی است.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objectives: Forest conversion to agriculture, Forest Understory cultivation and grazing in the forest are considered as the most important factors in the destruction of Zagros forests and in this regard, local and governmental stakeholders have different and contradictory views together. The purpose of this study was to gain a perspective of stakeholders regarding agricultural and livestock activities in Almaneh allotment forests in Sarvabad city. In the Almaneh`s forest village, agricultural activities whether farming or horticultural are carried out either inside the forest (in the form of understory farming, or deforestation and conversion to agriculture and orchard) or at the edge of the forest which in any case affects the forest. In this village livestock also has a direct impact on the forest and it can always be described as an integral part of the forest.Material and Methodology: The statistical society of this study includes the people of Almaneh village and some experts of the Natural Resources and Agricultural offices of Kurdistan province. The main instrument of the study is a questionnaire and In total, 115 local and state stakeholders views using a Likert scale on Forest conversion to agriculture, Forest Understory cultivation and grazing in the forest were investigated. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used for data analysis using SPSS software.Findings: According to the results, local stakeholders are not aware of their activities in deforestation and agricultural experts agree with them. But natural resources experts have opposite view. In other words, local and state practitioners have a different perspective on many aspects of the activity and the conflict between local practitioners and government experts, especially natural resource experts, is clearly visible.Discussion and Conclusion: So, from a stakeholders perspective, a common item is selected as the selected stakeholders item in all three activities, which shows that these activities are due to economic problems and the lack of local people's income.
منابع و مأخذ:
Jaffari, A., Najafi, A., and Mafi gholami, D. 2011. ANP, An Approach to Sustainable Forest Management in Zagros. Journal of Natural ecosystems of Iran Vol.2, No.2, pp.1-9. (In Persian)
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Mashayekhi, Z., Panahi, M., Karami, M., Khalighi Sh., Khoshsolat, M., and Bakhtiari, F. 2010. Effect of forest covers on water conservation and surface runoff reduction in Bazoft river basin. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, Vol.18, No.3, pp.352-364. (In Persian)
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Martin, J., Roy, E., Diemont, S., and Ferguson, B. 2010. Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK): Ideas, inspiration, and designs for ecological engineering. Ecological Engineering, Vol.36, No.1, pp. 839–849.
Ghorbani, M., Azarnivand, H., Mehrabi, A.A., Bastani, S., Jafari M., and Nayebi, H. 2013. Social network analysis: A new approach in policy-making and planning of natural resources co-management. Journal of Natural Environment, Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, Vol.65, No.4, pp. 553-568. (In Persian)
Scholz, R.W. 2011. Environmental Literacy in Science and Society: From Knowledge to Decisions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
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Ebrahimpour, M. 2001. Human factors affecting the degradation of forests and rangelands with an emphasis on the Zagros region. Journal of Jihad, Vol.19, No.2, pp. 234-245. (In Persian)
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Sobhani fard, Y., and Akhavan kharraziyan, M. 2016. Tutorial of advanced statistical analysis with SPSS, LISREL and AMOS, University of Imam Sadegh press, Tehran. (In Persian)
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Kelly, C., Ferrara, A., Wilson, G. A., Ripullone, F., Nole, A., Harmer, N., and Salvati, L. 2015. Community resilience and land degradation in forest and shrublandsocio-ecological systems: Evidence from Gorgoglione, Basilicata, Italy. Land Use Policy, Vol.46, No.1, pp. 11–20.
23. Howley, P. 2013. Examining farm forest owners' forest management in Ireland: The role of economic, lifestyle and multifunctional ownership objectives. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol.123, No.2, pp. 105-112.
Soltani, A., Sankhayan, P. L., and Hofstad, O. 2015. A recipe for co-management of forest and livestock-Results of bio-economic model at a village level in Iran. Journal of Agricultural Systems, Vol.140, No.2, pp. 74-86.
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Jaffari, A., Najafi, A., and Mafi gholami, D. 2011. ANP, An Approach to Sustainable Forest Management in Zagros. Journal of Natural ecosystems of Iran Vol.2, No.2, pp.1-9. (In Persian)
Fattahi, M., Ansari, N., Abbasi, H.R. and Khanhasani, M. 2000. Zagros Forests Management (Study area: Darbadam Forest, Kermanshah), Published by Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran. (In Persian)
Mashayekhi, Z., Panahi, M., Karami, M., Khalighi Sh., Khoshsolat, M., and Bakhtiari, F. 2010. Effect of forest covers on water conservation and surface runoff reduction in Bazoft river basin. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, Vol.18, No.3, pp.352-364. (In Persian)
Avatefi hemat, M., Shamekhi, T., Zobeiri, M., Arab, D.R., and Ghazi tabatabaei, M. 2013. The reasons for the destruction of the forest: Investigating the mental models of natural resource experts and local people Using the dynamics of the system method. Journal of Forest and Wood Products (JFWP), Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, Vol.66, No.1, pp. 39-54. (In Persian)
Martin, J., Roy, E., Diemont, S., and Ferguson, B. 2010. Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK): Ideas, inspiration, and designs for ecological engineering. Ecological Engineering, Vol.36, No.1, pp. 839–849.
Ghorbani, M., Azarnivand, H., Mehrabi, A.A., Bastani, S., Jafari M., and Nayebi, H. 2013. Social network analysis: A new approach in policy-making and planning of natural resources co-management. Journal of Natural Environment, Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, Vol.65, No.4, pp. 553-568. (In Persian)
Scholz, R.W. 2011. Environmental Literacy in Science and Society: From Knowledge to Decisions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Khosh dahaan, A. 2009. Forecasting with scenario building techniques, Industrial research and training Center of Iran press, Tehran. (In Persian)
Ebrahimpour, M. 2001. Human factors affecting the degradation of forests and rangelands with an emphasis on the Zagros region. Journal of Jihad, Vol.19, No.2, pp. 234-245. (In Persian)
Khedrizadeh, M., Maleknia, R., Adeli K., and Hanareh Khalyani J. 2017. Survey of barriers and potential field to involve local people in the forest management process (Case study: Local Communities in Nameshir, Baneh). Journal of Wood & Forest Science and Technology, Vol.24, No.3, pp. 35- 47. (In Persian)
Soltani, A., Sankhayan, P. L., and Hofstad, O. 2016. Playing forest governance games: State-village conflict in Iran. Journal of Forest Policy and Economics, Vol.73, No.1, pp. 251-261.
Khosravi, Sh., Maleknia, R., Khedrizadeh, M. 2017. Understanding the Contribution of Non-timber Forest Products to the Livelihoods of Forest Dwellers in the Northern Zagros in Iran. Small-scale Forestry, Vol.16, No.2, pp. 235-248. (In Persian)
Zibaei, M., and Telikany, Sh. 2010. Target ranking of livestock farmers in Tonekabon using fuzzy methods and simple rankings. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, Vol.18, No.69, pp.139-165. (In Persian)
Seyed Akhlaghi, S.J., Ansari, N., and Yusof Kalafi, S. 2012. Investigation of socio-economic factors on natural resources degradation of Ardebil province from the viewpoint of utilizers and experts. Iranian journal of Range and Desert Reseach, Vol.19, No.1, pp.133-148. (In Persian)
Rezvani M., and Hashemzadeh F. 2013. Investigating the effective factors on forest degradation and impact of moving out livestock from district 14 of the northern forests of Iran: an environmental and economic perspective (Fuman). Journal of Wood & Forest Science and Technology, Vol.20, No.3, pp. 125-138. (In Persian)
Heidari, M., Lotfalian, M., Tashakori M., and Valipour, A. 2017. The policy of agroforestry systems in Baneh forest, Northern Zagros. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, Vol.25, No.2, pp. 185-195. (In Persian)
Nazariani, N., Fallah, A., Lotfalian M., and Imani Rastabi, M. 2017. Forest dwellers livelihood dependence on forest resources (Case study: Namjoo watershed of Kouhdasht County). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, Vol.25, No.1, pp. 95-105. (In Persian)
Olabisi, L.S. 2010. The system dynamics of forest cover in the developing world: Researcher versus community perspectives. Sustainability, Vol.2, No.6, pp.1523-1535.
Sobhani fard, Y., and Akhavan kharraziyan, M. 2016. Tutorial of advanced statistical analysis with SPSS, LISREL and AMOS, University of Imam Sadegh press, Tehran. (In Persian)
Mirakzadeh, A. A., Baharmi, M.and Ghiasvand Ghiasy, F. 2011. Analysis of the effective factors on sustainable exploitation of forest's wood (case study: Dejhen village in Kamyaran County). Journal of Forest and Wood Products (JFWP), Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, Vol.64, No.1, pp. 91-106. (In Persian)
Imani Rastabi, M., Jalilvand, H., and Zandebasiri, M. 2014. Survey Socio-economic issues Kalgachi allotments of ChaharMahal and Bakhtiari. Iranian Journal of Natural ecosystems, Vol.4, No.2, pp. 59-70. (In Persian)
Kelly, C., Ferrara, A., Wilson, G. A., Ripullone, F., Nole, A., Harmer, N., and Salvati, L. 2015. Community resilience and land degradation in forest and shrublandsocio-ecological systems: Evidence from Gorgoglione, Basilicata, Italy. Land Use Policy, Vol.46, No.1, pp. 11–20.
23. Howley, P. 2013. Examining farm forest owners' forest management in Ireland: The role of economic, lifestyle and multifunctional ownership objectives. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol.123, No.2, pp. 105-112.
Soltani, A., Sankhayan, P. L., and Hofstad, O. 2015. A recipe for co-management of forest and livestock-Results of bio-economic model at a village level in Iran. Journal of Agricultural Systems, Vol.140, No.2, pp. 74-86.