بررسی جریان انرژی و انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای در نظامهای تولید برخی محصولات زراعی استان خراسان جنوبی
محورهای موضوعی :
کشاورزی و محیط زیست
حامد جوادی
1
,
سید جعفر اصفهانی
2
1 - استادیار گروه کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - استادیارموسسه پژوهش‌های برنامه‌ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی.
تاریخ دریافت : 1400/12/16
تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/08/11
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/10/01
کلید واژه:
انرژی غیرمستقیم,
انرژی مستقیم,
پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی,
پایداری نظامهای زراعی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: در سال‌های اخیر مصرف بی‌رویه نهاده‌های کشاورزی موجب افزایش انرژی مصرفی و انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای شده است. لذا هدف این مطالعه بررسی جریان و انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای در نظامهای تولید برخی محصولات زراعی خراسان جنوبی است.
روش بررسی: در این پژوهش، جهت جمع‌آوری اطلاعات مورد نیاز شامل عملیات زراعی، نوع و میزان نهاده‌های مصرفی و عملکرد محصول از داده‌های سازمان جهاد کشاورزی خراسان جنوبی، پرسشنامه و مصاحبه حضوری با کشاورزان منطقه در سال 1398 استفاده شد. همچنین شاخص‌های انرژی ورودی، انرژی خروجی، انرژی خالص، انرژی مخصوص، کارایی مصرف انرژی، بهره‌وری انرژی، اشکال مختلف انرژی و پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی محاسبه و ارزیابی شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد در بین محصولات زراعی مورد مطالعه، بیشترین انرژی در فرآیند تولید یونجه (213101 مگا ژول در هکتار) استفاده شده است. همچنین بیشترین انرژی خروجی به‌ترتیب متعلق به محصولات چغندرقند (571200 مگا‌ژول در هکتار)، سورگوم علوفه‌ای (391920 مگا‌ژول در هکتار) و یونجه (120870 مگا‌ژول در هکتار) بود. بیشترین کارایی مصرف انرژی مربوط به محصولات چغندرقند (77/3) و سورگوم علوفه‌ای (72/2) بود. بوم نظامهای یونجه (41566 کیلوگرم معادل CO2 در هکتار)، چغندرقند (29179 کیلوگرم معادل CO2 در هکتار) و سورگوم علوفه‌ای (27396 کیلوگرم معادل CO2 در هکتار) به ترتیب بیشترین مقدار پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی را داشتند. مقایسه سهم ورودی‌های مختلف از کل پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی محصولات نشان داد که در تمام محصولات مورد مطالعه، نیروی الکتریسیته، کود نیتروژن و گازوئیل بیشترین نقش را در انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای ایفا می‌کنند.
بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به این‌که نیروی الکتریسیته و کود نیتروژن بیشترین سهم در انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای محصولات زراعی خراسان جنوبی را داشتند، لذا مدیریت و بهینه‌سازی آبیاری و استفاده از عملیات زراعی مناسب از جمله کشت کود سبز یا قرار دادن لگوم برای افزایش حاصلخیزی خاک به‌عنوان جایگزین کودهای شیمیایی به‌ویژه نیتروژن می‌تواند به‌عنوان راهکاری جهت کاهش انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای در منطقه خراسان جنوبی باشد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: In recent years, excessive use of agricultural inputs has increased energy consumption and greenhouse emissions. This study aims to investigate the energy flow and greenhouse gases emissions in the production systems of some crops in South Khorasan province.
Material and Methodology: In the current research, a questionnaire, as well as face-to-face interviews with the farmers in this region (2018), were used to collect the required information, including agricultural operations, the type and amount of consumed inputs and product performance. In the present research, input energy, output energy, net energy, specific energy, optimal energy consumption, energy efficiency indices, different forms of energy, and Global warming potential were calculated and evaluated.
Findings: The results showed that the process of alfalfa production had the highest energy consumption. On the other hand, Sugar beet (571,200 MJ.ha-1), fodder sorghum (391,920 MJ.ha-1) and alfalfa (120,870 MJ.ha-1) have the highest energy output, respectively. A comparison of the studied products showed that rapeseed (27.6 MJ.kg-1) and cotton (15.3 MJ.kg-1) have the maximum specific energy index. The ecosystems of alfalfa (41566 kg CO2eq.ha-1), sugar beet (29179 kg CO2eq.ha-1), fodder sorghum (27396 kg CO2eq.ha-1) had the maximum of global warming potential (GWP), respectively. Comparing the share of different inputs from the total global warming potential of the products showed that electricity, nitrogen fertilizer, and diesel play the greatest role in greenhouse gas emissions in all the studied products.
Discussion and Conclusions: Since electricity and nitrogen fertilizer had the greatest role in the greenhouse gases emission from crops in South Khorasan province, management and optimization of irrigation performance and appropriate agricultural activities such as green manure crops or legumes cultivation to increase soil fertility, can be a solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the South Khorasan region.
منابع و مأخذ:
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Taghinazhad, J., Vahedi, A., Ranjbar, F., 2019. Economic assessment of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from wheat production in Ardabil Province. Environmental Science. Vol. 17, pp. 137-150. (In Persian)
Mohammadzadeh, A., Damghani, A.M., Vafabakhsh, J., Deihimfard, R., 2017. Assessing energy efficiencies, economy, and global warming potential (GWP) effects of major crop production systems in Iran: a case study in East Azerbaijan province. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. Vol. 24, pp. 16971-16984.
Ahmadi, K., Ebadzadeh, H.R., Hatami, F., Abd Shah, H., Kazemian, A., 2020. Agricultural Statistics of 2018-2019: Crops (Volume 1). Publications of the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture, Deputy of Program and Budget, General Directorate of Statistics and Information.
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Yilmaz, I., Akcaoz, H., Ozkan, B., 2005. An analysis of energy use and input costs for cotton production in Turkey. Renewable Energy. Vol. 30, pp. 145-155.
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Khoshnevisan, B., Rafiee, S., Omid, M., Yousefi, M., Movahedi, M., 2013. Modeling of energy consumption and GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions in wheat production in Esfahan province of Iran using artificial neural networks. Energy. Vol. 52, pp. 333-338.
Mousavi-Avval, S.H., Rafiee, S., Jafari, A., Mohammadi, A., 2011. Energy flow modeling and sensitivity analysis of inputs for canola production in Iran. Journal of Cleaner Production. Vol. 19, pp. 1464-1470.
Boshrabadi, H., Naghavi, S., 2011. Estimating energy demand in agricultural sector of Iran. Journal of Agricultural Economics Research. Vol. 3, pp. 147-162.
Unakitan, G., Hurma, H., Yilmaz, F., 2010. An analysis of energy use efficiency of canola production in Turkey. Energy. Vol. 35, pp. 3623-3627.
Tsatsarelis, C., Koundouras, D., 1994. Energetics of baled alfalfa hay production in northern Greece. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. Vol. 49, pp. 123-130.
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Mehrabi Boshr Abadi, H., Esmaeeli, A., 2011. Input-Output analysis of energy in agricultural sector of Iran. Agricultural Economics and Development. Vol. 19, pp. 1-28.
Li, T., Baležentis, T., Makutėnienė, D., Streimikiene, D., Kriščiukaitienė, I., 2016. Energy-related CO2 emission in European Union agriculture: Driving forces and possibilities for reduction. Applied Energy.Vol. 180, pp. 682-694.
Smith, P., Bustamante, M., Ahammad, H., Clark, H., Dong, H., Elsiddig, E., Haberl, H., Harper, R., House, J., Jafari, M., 2014. Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU). Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rajaby, M.H., Soltani, A., Zeinali, E., Soltani, E., 2012. Evaluation of energy use in wheat production in Gorgan. Journal of of Plant Production. Vol. 19, pp. 143-172. (In Persian)
Vafabakhsh, J., Mohammadzadeh, A., 2019. Energy flow and GHG emissions in major field and horticultural crop production systems (Case Study: Sharif Abad Plain). Journal of Agroecology. Vol. 11, pp. 365-382. (In Persian)
Fartout Enayat, F., Mousavinik, S., Asgharipour, M., 2017. Evaluation of energy use efficiency, greenhouse gases emission and economic analysis of sorghum production in Sistan. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. Vol. 27, pp. 33-43. (In Persian)
Elhami, B., Akrami, A., Khanali, M., 2017. Optimization of energy consumption and mitigation of greenhouses gas emissions of irrigated lentil production using data envelopment analysis. Iranian Journal of Biosystems Engineering. Vol. 47, pp. 710-701. (In Persian)
Rezvantalab, N., Soltani, A., Zeinali E., Foroughnia, A., 2019. Study of energy indicators and greenhouse gas emissions in wheat production in Golestan Province. Journal of Agroecology. Vol. 9, pp. 17-38. (In Persian)
Taghinazhad, J., Vahedi, A., Ranjbar, F., 2019. Economic assessment of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from wheat production in Ardabil Province. Environmental Science. Vol. 17, pp. 137-150. (In Persian)
Mohammadzadeh, A., Damghani, A.M., Vafabakhsh, J., Deihimfard, R., 2017. Assessing energy efficiencies, economy, and global warming potential (GWP) effects of major crop production systems in Iran: a case study in East Azerbaijan province. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. Vol. 24, pp. 16971-16984.
Ahmadi, K., Ebadzadeh, H.R., Hatami, F., Abd Shah, H., Kazemian, A., 2020. Agricultural Statistics of 2018-2019: Crops (Volume 1). Publications of the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture, Deputy of Program and Budget, General Directorate of Statistics and Information.
Mohammadi, A., Omid, M., 2010. Economic analysis and relation between energy inputs and yield of greenhouse cucumber production in Iran. Applied Energy. Vol. 87, pp. 191-196.
Yilmaz, I., Akcaoz, H., Ozkan, B., 2005. An analysis of energy use and input costs for cotton production in Turkey. Renewable Energy. Vol. 30, pp. 145-155.
1995. Climate Change, the Science of Climate Change. In: Houghton, J.T., Meira Filho, L.G., Callander, B.A., Harris, N., Kattenberg, A., and Maskell, K. (Eds). Intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kramer, K.J., Moll, H.C., Nonhebel, S., 1999. Total greenhouse gas emissions related to the dutch crop production system. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. Vol. 72, pp. 9-16.
Snyder, C., Bruulsema, T., Jensen, T., Fixen, P., 2009. Review of greenhouse gas emissions from crop production systems and fertilizer management effects. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. Vol. 133, pp. 247-266.
Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D., May, M., Lewis, K., Jaggard, K., 2005. An assessment of the energy inputs and greenhouse gas emissions in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) production in the UK. Agricultural Systems. Vol. 85, pp. 101-119.
Lal, R., 2004. Carbon emission from farm operations. Environment International.Vol. 30, pp. 981-990.
Zangeneh, M., Omid, M., Akram , A., 2010. A comparative study on energy use and cost analysis of potato production under different farming technologies in Hamadan Province of Iran. Energy. Vol. 35, pp. 2927-2933.
Ozkan, , Kurklu, A., Akcaoz, H., 2004. An input-output energy analysis in greenhouse vegetable production: a case study for Antalya region of Turkey. Biomass Bioenergy. Vol. 26, pp.189-195.
Mohammadi, A., Rafiee, Sh., Jafari, A., Keyhani, A., Mousavi Avval, S. H., Nonhebel, S., 2014. Energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions of farming systems in north Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 30, pp. 724–733.
Pishgar Komleh, S. H., Keyhani, A., Rafiee, S., Sefeedpary, P., 2011. Energy use and economic analysis of corn silage production under three cultivated area levels in Tehran Province of Iran. Energy. Vol. 36, pp. 3335-3341.
Ghaderpour, O., Rafiee, S., Sharifi, M., 2017. Analysis and modeling of energy and the production cost of alfalfa using multi-layer adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system in Bukan Township. Iranian Journal of Biosystems Engineering. Vol. 48, pp. 190-179.
Gholami-Ghajelo, J., Ghanbarian, D., Maleki, A., Torki, M., 2015. Energy use efficiency and economic analysis of sugar beet fields in Miandoab city, West Azerbaijan Province. Journal of Sugar beet. Vol. 31, pp. 109-122.
Ghaderpour, O., Gerami, K., Dehghan, E., 2020. Life cycle assessment and energy consumption optimization in rainfed chickpea west Azarbayjan Province. Iranian Journal of Biosystems Engineering. Vol. 51, pp. 611-628.
Molaee, M., Khanali, M., Mousavi, S. A., 2017. Energy flow analysis in crop production- case study of onion prodaction. In: 1st International and 5th National Conference on Organic vs. Conventional Agriculture, 16-17 August 2017, Ardabil, Iran.
Ghasemi Mobtaker, H., Keyhani, A., Mohammadi, A., Rafiee, S., Akram, A., 2010. Sensitivity analysis of energy inputs for barley production in Hamedan province of Iran. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. Vol. 137, pp. 367-372.
Khoshnevisan, B., Rafiee, S., Omid, M., Yousefi, M., Movahedi, M., 2013. Modeling of energy consumption and GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions in wheat production in Esfahan province of Iran using artificial neural networks. Energy. Vol. 52, pp. 333-338.
Mousavi-Avval, S.H., Rafiee, S., Jafari, A., Mohammadi, A., 2011. Energy flow modeling and sensitivity analysis of inputs for canola production in Iran. Journal of Cleaner Production. Vol. 19, pp. 1464-1470.
Boshrabadi, H., Naghavi, S., 2011. Estimating energy demand in agricultural sector of Iran. Journal of Agricultural Economics Research. Vol. 3, pp. 147-162.
Unakitan, G., Hurma, H., Yilmaz, F., 2010. An analysis of energy use efficiency of canola production in Turkey. Energy. Vol. 35, pp. 3623-3627.
Tsatsarelis, C., Koundouras, D., 1994. Energetics of baled alfalfa hay production in northern Greece. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. Vol. 49, pp. 123-130.
