تاثیر فساد مالی و اداری بر انتشار دی‌اکسیدکربن؛ رهیافت اثرات مستقیم و غیرمستقیم در کشورهای گروه D8
محورهای موضوعی :
اقتصاد محیط زیست
لیلا همتی
1
,
مصطفی عمادزاده
2
,
سعید دائی کریم زاده
3
1 - دانشجوی دکترای علوم اقتصادی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اصفهان(خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ایران.
2 - عضو هیات علمی/ دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان(خوراسگان)
3 - دانشیار گروه علوم اقتصادی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
تاریخ دریافت : 1399/04/14
تاریخ پذیرش : 1399/08/27
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/11/01
کلید واژه:
رویکرد PMG,
رویکرد FMOLS,
انتشار دی‌اکسیدکربن,
فساد مالی و اداری,
چکیده مقاله :
مسأله‌ی بحران‌های زیست‌محیطی در سال‌های اخیر در محافل علمی اهمیّت زیادی پیدا کرده، زیرا طی سال‌ها عوامل متعددی از جمله فساد مالی و اداری باعث تخریب محیط‌زیست شده است. لذا در این پژوهش تلاش شده است، به بررسی اثرات مستقیم و غیرمستقیم شاخص فساد مالی و اداری (شاخص فساد بر مبنای ریسک بین‌الملل) بر شاخص کیفیت زیست‌محیطی (شاخص انتشار دی‌اکسیدکربن) طی دوره‌ی زمانی 2018-1984 و با استفاده از رویکردهای حداقل مربعات کاملا اصلاح شده (FMOLS)، میانگین گروهی تلفیقی (PMG)، میانگین گروهی (MG) برای کشورهای گروه D8 پرداخته شود. نکته بارز در این پژوهش تفکیک اثرات فساد بر آلودگی به صورت مستقیم، غیرمستقیم و کلی است. به طوری که برآورد اثرات مستقیم، غیرمستقیم و کل در هر دو مدل برآوردی FMOLS و PMG هر سه به صورت افزایشی بوده است. این نتایج بیانگر آن است که در مدل اثرات مستقیم رابطه بین دو متغیر فساد و انتشار CO2 دارای رابطه U شکل است. یعنی ابتدا با افزایش فساد، انتشار CO2 و آلودگی کاهش می‌یابد به دلیل آنکه لایه‌های اولیه ظهور فساد معمولاً با بهبود متغیرهای اقتصادی، اجتماعی و زیست‌محیطی همراه است ولی در بلندمدت و با افزایش درجه فساد و بروز یافتن فساد در تمام لایه‌های سازمانی و نهادی، آلودگی نیز افزایش خواهد یافت. در مدل اثرات غیرمستقیم نیز با افزایش فساد در ابتدا رشد اقتصادی افزایش می‌یابد ولی با رسیدن به نقطه ماکزیمم خود و افزایش بیش از حد فساد در یک کشور، میزان رشد اقتصادی نیز به مراتب کاهش می‌یابد و یک رابطه U معکوس شکل می‌گیرد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: The issue of environmental crises has become very important in scientific circles in recent years, because overa the years many factors, including financial and administrative corruption, have caused environmental damage. Therefore, in this study, it is attempted to examine the direct and indirect effects of financial and administrative corruption index (International Risk Corruption Index) on environmental quality index (CO2) during the period 2018 -1984, for Group D8 countries.Material and Methodology: To investigate the purpose of this study used of fully modified least squares (FMOLS) approaches, Integrated Group Mean (PMG), Group Mean (MG). The highlight of this study is to distinguish the effects of corruption on pollution directly, indirectly and generally.Finding: So that the estimation of direct, indirect and total effects in both FMOLS and PMG estimation models has been incremental. These results indicate that in the model of direct effects, the relationship between the two variables of corruption and CO2 emission has a U-shaped relationship. In the model of indirect effects, economic growth initially increases with increasing corruption, but as it reaches its maximum point and excessive corruption increases in a country, the rate of economic growth also decreases significantly and an inverse U relationship is formed.Discussion and Conclusion: That is, it is initially reduced by increasing corruption, CO2 emissions, and pollution, because the early stages of corruption are usually associated with improved economic, social, and environmental variables, but in the long run with increasing levels of corruption and corruption throughout. Organizational and institutional layers, pollution will also increase.
منابع و مأخذ:
Tajul, A.M., Subramaniam, Y., (2018), "The environmental Kuznets curve in presence of corruption in developing countries", Environmental Scienes and Pollution Research, vol 25, pp. 1- 16.
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Damania, R., Fredriksson, P. G., & List, J. A. (2003). Trade liberalization, corruption, and environmental policy formation: theory and evidence. Journal of environmental economics and management, 46(3), 490-512.
Sundström, A. (2013). Corruption in the commons: why bribery hampers enforcement of environmental regulations in South African fisheries. International Journal of the Commons, 7(2), 454-472.
Welsch, H. (2004). Corruption, growth, and the environment: a cross-country analysis. Environment and Development Economics, 9(5), 663-693.
Cole, M. A. (2007). Corruption, income and the environment: an empirical analysis. Ecological Economics, 62(3-4), 637-647.
Ehrlich, I., & Lui, F. T. (1999). Bureaucratic corruption and endogenous economic growth. Journal of Political Economy, 107(S6), S270-S293.
Drury, A. C., Krieckhaus, J., & Lusztig, M. (2006). Corruption, democracy, and economic growth. International Political Science Review, 27(2), 121-136.
Biswas, A. K., Farzanegan, M. R., & Thum, M. (2012). Pollution, shadow economy and corruption: Theory and evidence. Ecological Economics, 75, 114-125.
Chang, S. C., and Chang T. Y., (2010). The relationships between corruption and pollution on corruption regimes. Economics Bulletin, 30(3), 1-8.
Zhang, Y. J., Jin, Y. L., Chevallier, J., & Shen, B. (2016). The effect of corruption on carbon dioxide emissions in APEC countries: a panel quantile regression analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 112, 220-227.
Liao, X., Dogan, E., & Baek, J. (2017). Does corruption matter for the environment? Panel evidence from China. Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 11(2017-27), 1-12.
Sekrafi, H., & Sghaier, A. (2018). The effect of corruption on carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption in Tunisia. PSU Research Review, 2(1), 81-95.
Akhbari, R., and Nejati, M., (2019)." The effect of corruption on carbon emissions in developed and developing countries: empirical investigation of a claim". Heliyon. 5, 16-25.
Aqeli, Lotfali; Sadeghi, Hossein and Aswar, Arash (2014). The Impact of Democracy on Environmental Pollution: Evidence from Selected Oil Exporting Countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics (formerly Economic Studies). 11 (2), 40-21.
Arab Mazar Yazdi, Abbas, Ghasemi, Abdolrasoul, Rashidi Kia, Marzieh (2017). Investigating the Effects of Corruption and Political Impact on Environmental Performance (Case Study: Selected Countries in the Middle East), Environmental Research, No. 15, pp. 86-77.
Mohammadi, Timur; Mo'meni, Farshad and Sazideh, Mina (2017), "The Impact of Corruption on the State of the Environment", Quarterly Journal of Economic Studies and Policies, 107 (1), 132-107.
Kazeruni, Seyed Alireza; Asgharpour, Hossein; Agham Mohammadi, Ali and Zakaei Alamdari, Elham (2018), "Study of the effect of corruption on carbon dioxide emissions in developed and developing countries", Quarterly Journal of Energy Economics Studies, 14 (59), 54-35.
Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The quarterly journal of economics, 110(2), 353-377.
Lau, L. S., Choong, C. K., & Ng, C. F. (2018). Role of Institutional Quality on Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Comparative Study in Developed and Developing Countries. In Advances in Pacific Basin Business, Economics and Finance (pp. 223-247). Emerald Publishing Limited.
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Tajul, A.M., Subramaniam, Y., (2018), "The environmental Kuznets curve in presence of corruption in developing countries", Environmental Scienes and Pollution Research, vol 25, pp. 1- 16.
Coase, R; 1960, "The Federal Communications Commission", Journal of Law and Economics.
Djankov, Simeon, Rafeal La Porta, Florencio Lopez-De-Silanes and Andrei Shleifer; 2002, "The Regulation of Entry", Quarterly Journal of Economics, No. 117:1
Fredriksson, P. G., Vollebergh, H. R., & Dijkgraaf, E. (2004). Corruption and energy efficiency in OECD countries: theory and evidence. Journal of Environmental Economics and management, 47(2), 207-231.
Damania, R., Fredriksson, P. G., & List, J. A. (2003). Trade liberalization, corruption, and environmental policy formation: theory and evidence. Journal of environmental economics and management, 46(3), 490-512.
Sundström, A. (2013). Corruption in the commons: why bribery hampers enforcement of environmental regulations in South African fisheries. International Journal of the Commons, 7(2), 454-472.
Welsch, H. (2004). Corruption, growth, and the environment: a cross-country analysis. Environment and Development Economics, 9(5), 663-693.
Cole, M. A. (2007). Corruption, income and the environment: an empirical analysis. Ecological Economics, 62(3-4), 637-647.
Ehrlich, I., & Lui, F. T. (1999). Bureaucratic corruption and endogenous economic growth. Journal of Political Economy, 107(S6), S270-S293.
Drury, A. C., Krieckhaus, J., & Lusztig, M. (2006). Corruption, democracy, and economic growth. International Political Science Review, 27(2), 121-136.
Biswas, A. K., Farzanegan, M. R., & Thum, M. (2012). Pollution, shadow economy and corruption: Theory and evidence. Ecological Economics, 75, 114-125.
Chang, S. C., and Chang T. Y., (2010). The relationships between corruption and pollution on corruption regimes. Economics Bulletin, 30(3), 1-8.
Zhang, Y. J., Jin, Y. L., Chevallier, J., & Shen, B. (2016). The effect of corruption on carbon dioxide emissions in APEC countries: a panel quantile regression analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 112, 220-227.
Liao, X., Dogan, E., & Baek, J. (2017). Does corruption matter for the environment? Panel evidence from China. Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 11(2017-27), 1-12.
Sekrafi, H., & Sghaier, A. (2018). The effect of corruption on carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption in Tunisia. PSU Research Review, 2(1), 81-95.
Akhbari, R., and Nejati, M., (2019)." The effect of corruption on carbon emissions in developed and developing countries: empirical investigation of a claim". Heliyon. 5, 16-25.
Aqeli, Lotfali; Sadeghi, Hossein and Aswar, Arash (2014). The Impact of Democracy on Environmental Pollution: Evidence from Selected Oil Exporting Countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics (formerly Economic Studies). 11 (2), 40-21.
Arab Mazar Yazdi, Abbas, Ghasemi, Abdolrasoul, Rashidi Kia, Marzieh (2017). Investigating the Effects of Corruption and Political Impact on Environmental Performance (Case Study: Selected Countries in the Middle East), Environmental Research, No. 15, pp. 86-77.
Mohammadi, Timur; Mo'meni, Farshad and Sazideh, Mina (2017), "The Impact of Corruption on the State of the Environment", Quarterly Journal of Economic Studies and Policies, 107 (1), 132-107.
Kazeruni, Seyed Alireza; Asgharpour, Hossein; Agham Mohammadi, Ali and Zakaei Alamdari, Elham (2018), "Study of the effect of corruption on carbon dioxide emissions in developed and developing countries", Quarterly Journal of Energy Economics Studies, 14 (59), 54-35.
Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The quarterly journal of economics, 110(2), 353-377.
Lau, L. S., Choong, C. K., & Ng, C. F. (2018). Role of Institutional Quality on Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Comparative Study in Developed and Developing Countries. In Advances in Pacific Basin Business, Economics and Finance (pp. 223-247). Emerald Publishing Limited.
