ارزیابی تاثیر اقدامات آبخیزداری بر پوشش گیاهی و میزان فرسایش و رسوب در حوزه آبخیز کاخک
محورهای موضوعی :
محیط زیست حوزه های آبخیز رودخانه ها
علی باقریان کلات
1
,
غلامرضا لشکری پور
2
,
محمد غفوری
3
1 - محقق بخش تحقیقات حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد، ایران.
2 - استاد گروه زمین‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - استاد دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، دانشکده علوم، گروه زمین شناسی
تاریخ دریافت : 1396/03/06
تاریخ پذیرش : 1396/09/01
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/07/01
کلید واژه:
مدیریت حوزه آبخیز,
حفاظت خاک,
عملیات بیولوژیکی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: هدف از این تحقیق بررسی تاثیر اقدامات آبخیزداری بر پوشش گیاهی و میزان فرسایش و رسوب در پروژه آبخیزداری کاخک می‌باشد.روش بررسی: ابتدا ویژگی‌های هر یک از عملیات آبخیزداری از مطالعات طرح اجرایی آبخیزداری منطقه استخراج و وضعیت پوشش‌گیاهی و فرسایش و رسوب حوضه، قبل از اجرای عملیات آبخیزداری مشخص گردید. مشخصات سازه‌های اجرا شده از نظر موقعیت، تعداد، حجم، پایداری و رسوب‌گیری در عرصه بررسی شد. وضعیت استقرار پوشش‌گیاهی و عملکرد عملیات بیولوژیک از طریق اندازه‌گیری درصد پوشش‌گیاهی، میزان تولید، تعداد بوته‌ها و درختان‌زنده (درصد زنده‌مانی) در واحد سطح مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. میزان فرسایش حوضه بر اساس روش بکار گرفته شده در طرح مطالعاتی (MPSIAC) تعیین شد. در نهایت، شرایط کنونی حوضه (از نظر میزان فرسایش و پوشش گیاهی) با وضعیت گذشته حوضه آبخیز (مستخرج از طرح اجرایی آبخیزداری) مقایسه شد و کارایی پروژه آبخیزداری تعیین گردید.یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که با اجرای طرح آبخیزداری، میانگین تاج پوشش گیاهی حوضه از 25 به 49 درصد و متوسط علوفه‌خشک قابل‌بهره‌برداری از 17 به 89 کیلوگرم در هکتار افزایش یافته است. میزان کارایی عملیات مکانیکی اجرا شده در حوضه حدود 76 درصد می‌باشد. مقدار فرسایش سالانه خاک از حدود20 تن در هکتار به حدود 10 تن در هکتار کاهش یافته است.بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات نشان داد با گذشت 20 سال از انجام عملیات آبخیزداری در حوضه‌کاخک، وضعیت پوشش گیاهی حوضه بهبود قابل‌توجهی یافته و فرسایش خاک حدود 50 درصد کاهش یافته است.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: This research was carried out to study the impacts of implemented watershed management project on vegetal cover and sediment yield in Kakhk Watershed Project.Material and Methodology: In this research in the first stage characteristics of each predicted mechanical operations from detailed studies of Kakhk watershed were recorded. Also, the soil erosion and vegetation condition of area before performancing watershed operation were determined. The characteristics of each watershed management structures such as situation, number, volume and its siltation were measured. The biological conservation and efficiency were studied via measuring percent of grass cover, the numbers of live bushes and trees per unit area. The soil erosion was measured by applying MPSIAC model. Consequently, the present and preliminary conditions of watershed (in terms of soil erosion and vegetal cover) were compared with each other and project efficiency was determined.Findings: This reseasch revealed that due to Kakhk implemented watershed management project the average vegetation cover and dry forage production increased from 25% and 17 kg to 49% and 89 kg, respectively. The mean efficiency of all mechanical activities is 76 %. The rate of soil erosion decreased from 20 to 10 t ha yr-1.Discussion and Conclusion: The data analysis revealed that after 20 years of project implementation, the vegetation factors improved obviously and the amount of soil erosion has fallen by 50 %.
منابع و مأخذ:
1. Doty, R.D., 1971. Contour trenching effects on stream flow from a Utah watershed, USDA. Forest Service Res. Paper INT,98. Int. Forest and Range Exp. Sta.
Hudson, R. E. 1991. Reasons for success or failure of soil conservation.
Hurng-Jyuhn W., Su-Cherng Hu., Chieh-Chich K., 1998. An economic evaluation of two watershed management practices in Taiwan.
Santhi, C., Srinivasan R., Arnold J.G., Williams J.R., 2006. A modeling approach to evaluate the impacts of water quality management plans implemented in a watershed in Texas. Environmental Modelling & Software, Vol. 21, pp.1141-1157.
Nyssen, J., Poesen J., Descheemaeker K., 2008. Effects of region-wide soil and water conservation in semi-arid areas: the case of northern Ethiopia. Z. Geomorph. N. F. Vol. 52 (3), pp. 291–315.
Nyssen, J., Clymans W., Descheemaeker K., Poesen J., Vandecasteele I., Vanmaercke M., Zenebe A., Camp M. V, Haile M., Haregeweyn N., Moeyersons J., Martens K., Gebreyohannes T., Deckers J., Walraevens K., 2010. Impact of soil and water conservation measures on catchment hydrological response—a case in north Ethiopia, Hydrological Processes, Vol. 24 (13), pp. 880-1895.
Haregeweyn, N., Berhe, A., Tsunekawa, A., Tsubo, M., Derege Tsegaye M., 2012. Integrated Watershed Management as an Effective Approach to Curb Land Degradation: A Case Study of the Enabered Watershed in Northern Ethiopia, Environmental Management, Vol. 50, pp.1219–1233.
Zhao, G., Mu X., Wen Z., Wang F. Gao P., 2013. Soil erosion, conservation and eco-environment changes in the loess plateau of China, land degradation and development, Vol. 24, pp. 499–510.
Datta N., 2015. Evaluating Impacts of Watershed Development Program on Agricultural Productivity, Income and Livelihood in Bhalki Watershed of Bardhaman District, West Bengal, World Development, Vol. 66, pp. 443–456.
Jalili Pirani F., Mousavi S. A., 2016. Integrating socio-economic and biophysical data to enhance watershed management and planning, Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 540, pp. 727-735.
Ahmadi, H., Nazari Samani, A. A., Ghoddousi, J., Ekhtesasi, M.R. A Model for Evaluation of Watershed Management Projects. Iranian J.Natural Res., Vol. 56, No. 4, 2004. (In Persian)
Koosar, A. 1993. Desertification is coordinated with the spread of flood effort. Agriculture & Natural Resources Research Center of Fars. (In Persian)
Ildermi, A. R. 1998. Evaluation of the results of watershed management operations performed in the Ekbatan Dam Basin, Hamadan. Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute. (In Persian)
Shahrivar, A. 2002. Investigation on effects of mechanical and biological methods combination on reduction of runoff and sediment in rangeland lands of Kohkiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces. The first Conference on performanced projects on field erosion plots. pp. 139-145. (In Persian)
Madanchi, P. Investigation on effects of mechanical and biological methods combination on reduction of runoff and sediment in rangeland lands of Kohkiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces. The first Conference on performanced projects on field erosion plots. pp. 82-92. (In Persian)
Moatamed Vaziri, B., Mirzaie, M. A., Sharifi, F., Mohebi, A. 2011. Investigation on effects of watershed management projects on Grass cover variation and mass movement stabilization. RS & GIS for Natural Resources, Vol. 3. Pp. 45-53. (In Persian)
Hayati, A., Bazrafshan, O. 2015. Evaluation of Echo-Social of watershed management projects: A case study on Booshkan Watershed, Booshehr. Fth National Conference on Futurology, Humanities and Development. (In Persian)
Sazab Engineering Advisory Company. 1993. Justification-executive studies of four Gonadad dam watersheds. (In Persian)
Bagherian kalat, A. Ghoddosi, J., Ahmadnejad, H. 2008. Review and evaluation of technical performance of Kakhk watershed management project. Soil Conservation and Watershed -Management Research Institute. (In Persian)
_||_1. Doty, R.D., 1971. Contour trenching effects on stream flow from a Utah watershed, USDA. Forest Service Res. Paper INT,98. Int. Forest and Range Exp. Sta.
Hudson, R. E. 1991. Reasons for success or failure of soil conservation.
Hurng-Jyuhn W., Su-Cherng Hu., Chieh-Chich K., 1998. An economic evaluation of two watershed management practices in Taiwan.
Santhi, C., Srinivasan R., Arnold J.G., Williams J.R., 2006. A modeling approach to evaluate the impacts of water quality management plans implemented in a watershed in Texas. Environmental Modelling & Software, Vol. 21, pp.1141-1157.
Nyssen, J., Poesen J., Descheemaeker K., 2008. Effects of region-wide soil and water conservation in semi-arid areas: the case of northern Ethiopia. Z. Geomorph. N. F. Vol. 52 (3), pp. 291–315.
Nyssen, J., Clymans W., Descheemaeker K., Poesen J., Vandecasteele I., Vanmaercke M., Zenebe A., Camp M. V, Haile M., Haregeweyn N., Moeyersons J., Martens K., Gebreyohannes T., Deckers J., Walraevens K., 2010. Impact of soil and water conservation measures on catchment hydrological response—a case in north Ethiopia, Hydrological Processes, Vol. 24 (13), pp. 880-1895.
Haregeweyn, N., Berhe, A., Tsunekawa, A., Tsubo, M., Derege Tsegaye M., 2012. Integrated Watershed Management as an Effective Approach to Curb Land Degradation: A Case Study of the Enabered Watershed in Northern Ethiopia, Environmental Management, Vol. 50, pp.1219–1233.
Zhao, G., Mu X., Wen Z., Wang F. Gao P., 2013. Soil erosion, conservation and eco-environment changes in the loess plateau of China, land degradation and development, Vol. 24, pp. 499–510.
Datta N., 2015. Evaluating Impacts of Watershed Development Program on Agricultural Productivity, Income and Livelihood in Bhalki Watershed of Bardhaman District, West Bengal, World Development, Vol. 66, pp. 443–456.
Jalili Pirani F., Mousavi S. A., 2016. Integrating socio-economic and biophysical data to enhance watershed management and planning, Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 540, pp. 727-735.
Ahmadi, H., Nazari Samani, A. A., Ghoddousi, J., Ekhtesasi, M.R. A Model for Evaluation of Watershed Management Projects. Iranian J.Natural Res., Vol. 56, No. 4, 2004. (In Persian)
Koosar, A. 1993. Desertification is coordinated with the spread of flood effort. Agriculture & Natural Resources Research Center of Fars. (In Persian)
Ildermi, A. R. 1998. Evaluation of the results of watershed management operations performed in the Ekbatan Dam Basin, Hamadan. Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute. (In Persian)
Shahrivar, A. 2002. Investigation on effects of mechanical and biological methods combination on reduction of runoff and sediment in rangeland lands of Kohkiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces. The first Conference on performanced projects on field erosion plots. pp. 139-145. (In Persian)
Madanchi, P. Investigation on effects of mechanical and biological methods combination on reduction of runoff and sediment in rangeland lands of Kohkiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces. The first Conference on performanced projects on field erosion plots. pp. 82-92. (In Persian)
Moatamed Vaziri, B., Mirzaie, M. A., Sharifi, F., Mohebi, A. 2011. Investigation on effects of watershed management projects on Grass cover variation and mass movement stabilization. RS & GIS for Natural Resources, Vol. 3. Pp. 45-53. (In Persian)
Hayati, A., Bazrafshan, O. 2015. Evaluation of Echo-Social of watershed management projects: A case study on Booshkan Watershed, Booshehr. Fth National Conference on Futurology, Humanities and Development. (In Persian)
Sazab Engineering Advisory Company. 1993. Justification-executive studies of four Gonadad dam watersheds. (In Persian)
Bagherian kalat, A. Ghoddosi, J., Ahmadnejad, H. 2008. Review and evaluation of technical performance of Kakhk watershed management project. Soil Conservation and Watershed -Management Research Institute. (In Persian)
