مقایسه شاخصهای تنوع و یکنواختی گونهای در شدتهای مختلف چرای دام در مراتع دامنههای جنوب شرقی سبلان
محورهای موضوعی : منابع طبیعیرباب باقریان 1 , کیومرث سفیدی 2 , فرشاد کیوان بهجو 3 , علی اشرف سلطانی 4 , بهزاد بهتری 5
1 - کارشناس ارشد مرتعداری، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی, اردبیل، ایران
2 - دانشیار، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - دانشیار، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.
4 - دانشیار، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
5 - دکتری مرتعداری، دانشگاه مازندران، مازندران، ایران
کلید واژه: تغییر در پوشش گیاهی, شدت چرا, یکنواختی, تنوع گونهای, مدیریت مراتع,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف : ارزیابی تنوع و یکنواختی گونهای به درک صحیحِ کارکرد اکوسیستم، حفظ و نگهداری ذخایر ژنی، بررسی و کنترل تغییرات محیطی، و موفقیت یا عدم موفقیت برنامههای مدیریت منابع طبیعی کمک میکند. چرای بی رویه و بدون برنامهی دام یکی از شایعترین و شاید مهمترین عامل تخریب مراتع و کاهش تنوع و یکنواختی گونهای است. روش بررسی : به منظور بررسی اثر شدتهای مختلف چرایی بر تنوع و یکنواختی گونهای در مراتع دامنههای جنوب شرقی سبلان، سه رویشگاه دارای مدیریتهایی چرایی متفاوت شامل چرای سبک، متوسط و شدید انتخاب و با استفاده از پلاتهای یک متر مربعی در طول سه ترانسکت 200متری اقدام به نمونهبرداری از پوشش گیاهی شد. در هر پلات، فهرست گونههای موجود، درصد تاج پوشش و تعداد افراد هر گونه یادداشت شد. شاخصهای تنوع سیمپسون، شانون و بریلئون و شاخص یکنواختی کامارگو، سیمپسون و اسمیت- ویلسون محاسبه گردید. یافتهها : نتایج نشان داد که منطقه با شدت چرای متوسط تا سبک بیش ترین میزان تنوع و یکنواختی را نسبت به منطقه با شدت چرای سنگین دارد. که نشان گر شرایط مساعد برای استقرار گونههای متعدد است. بحث و نتیجهگیری: با توجه به تأثیر معنیدار شدت چرا بر شاخصهای تنوع و غنا لازم است مدیران بخش مرتع با کنترل شدت چرا از طریق شیوههای مدیریتی در جهت حفظ تنوع موجود در اکوسیستمهای مرتعی عمل کنند. بنابراین کافی است که بهرهبرداری بر مبنای چرای متوسط را هدف مدیریت قرار داد و مناطق با چرای شدید را به شرایط چرای متوسط رساند تا به تدریج گونههای مرغوب و خوش خوراک جایگزین گونه های خشبی و نامرغوب شوند.
Background and Objective: Assess the diversity of the understanding of ecosystem function; maintain genetic resources, checking environmental changes, and success or failure will help natural resource management programs. Over-grazing and uncontrolled usage of rangelands are the most common and the most important factor of rangeland degradation which causes a reduction in species diversity. Method: In order to investigate the effect of different grazing intensities on species diversity and uniformity in the rangelands of the southeastern slopes of Sabalan, three habitats with different grazing managements including light, medium and severe grazing were selected and one square meter plots along three 200-meter transects were sampled. In each plot, the list of available species, canopy percentage and number of individuals of each plot were recorded. Simpson, Shannon and Brillon diversity indices and Camargo, Simpson and Smith-Wilson uniformity indices were calculated. Findings: The results showed that the area with medium to light grazing intensity has the highest diversity and uniformity compared to the area with heavy grazing intensity which indicates favorable conditions for the establishment of several species. Discussion and Conclusions: Due to the significant effect of grazing intensity on diversity and richness indices, it is necessary for rangeland managers to control grazing intensity through management methods to maintain the diversity of rangeland ecosystems. Therefore, it is enough to target the management based on moderate grazing and bring the areas with intense grazing to the conditions of moderate grazing so that the good and tasty species gradually replace the woody and poor species. Desirable species and plant species and woody species are poor.
- Ghaghara Ardestani, E., Eghdami, H., Nasr Nasir, M., Turkish, M., 2012. Environmental factors relationships with Hill's diversity index in four rangeland sites in Esfahan.The 5th National Conference on range & management of Iran. Broujerd.16-18 May. 379 pp. (In Persian)
- Hussein M., Zara Cahokia, M.A., Azarnivand, H., Tivoli, A., 2012. Floristic lists and indices of species diversity of Alleghany rangelands (case study: Vast Watershed). The 5th National Conference on range and management of Iran, Brooked, 16-18 May, 379 pp. (In Persian)
- Iodine, S., Bashar, H., Turkish, H., Adnan, H.M., 2012. The study of some of the diversity indices in Saline habitats in Glom province. The 5th National Conference on range & management of Iran. Broujerd.16-18 May. 379 pp. (In Persian)
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- Kadeem Hossain, Z., 2010. Comparison of numerical indices of species diversity in three habitats with different grazing intensity (case study: Gardened Zamboni range in Arkansan). Journal of Rangeland, 4(1), pp104-111. (In Persian)
- 7-Schulze, E. D., Mooney, H.A., 1993. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning. Springer Pub., USA. 275pp.
- Tesserae, Z. K., Boer, W.F., Bars, R. M. T. de. Prims, H. H. T., 2011. Changes in soil nutrients, vegetation Structure and herbaceous biomass in response to grazing in a semi-arid savanna of Ethiopia. Journal of Arid Environments, 75, pp 662-670.
- Ghulam, P., Ghorbanifar, J., Shore, M., 2012. Assessing biodiversity of wooded rangelands in the Fars province (Case study: area of Mamas an’ Maher).The 5th National Conference on range & management of Iran. Broujerd.16-18 May, 379 pp. (In Persian)
- Kouri.M.H., Temzade.B., Shokri,M., Banihashemi.B., 2008, Comparison of diversity and richness indices in health assessment of mountain rangelands, Journal of Rangeland (4): 344-356. (In Persian)
- Tegan, A., Negate, L., Keshaun,A., 2011. Changes in plant species composition and diversity along a grazing Gradient from livestock watering point in Allaidege rangeland of North-eastern Ethiopia rangelands. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 23(9),pp 45-53.
- Qing Jib, R., Gasoline, W., Goodhue, R., 2009. Effect of grazing intensity on characteristics of alpine meadow Communities in the Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Act Prataculturae Sonica, 18(5),pp 256-261.
- Zamora J., Verdu J.R., Galant E. 2007. Species richness in Mediterranean, Biological Conservation. 134: 113-121.
- Krebs, C.J. 1998. Ecological methodology. 2nd. Edition. Manlo Park: Addison Wesley, 620p.
- Pitkanen, s. 1998. The use of diversity indices to assess the diversity of vegetation in managed Boreal Forests. Forest Ecology and Management. 112, pp 121-137.
- Sefidi, K., Esfandiary Darabad, F. and Azaryan, M., 2016. Effect of topography on tree species composition and volume of coarse woody debris in an Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) old growth forests, northern Iran. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 9(4): 658-665.
- Ejtehadi, H., Sepehri. A. Akafi. R., Methods of measuring biodiversity, 2009, Ferdowsi university press. 226 pp. (In Persian)
- Moghadam, M., 2003. Ecology of terrestrial plants. Publication of Tehran University, 701p. (In Persian)
- Salami, A., Zara, H., Amina Eshkevari, T., Jafri, B., 2007. Comparison of plant species diversity in the two Grazed and unglazed sites in Kohen Lashed, Nowshahr. Journal of Pajouhesh & Sazandegi, 75,pp 37-46. (In Persian)
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- Ghaghara Ardestani, E., Eghdami, H., Nasr Nasir, M., Turkish, M., 2012. Environmental factors relationships with Hill's diversity index in four rangeland sites in Esfahan.The 5th National Conference on range & management of Iran. Broujerd.16-18 May. 379 pp. (In Persian)
- Hussein M., Zara Cahokia, M.A., Azarnivand, H., Tivoli, A., 2012. Floristic lists and indices of species diversity of Alleghany rangelands (case study: Vast Watershed). The 5th National Conference on range and management of Iran, Brooked, 16-18 May, 379 pp. (In Persian)
- Iodine, S., Bashar, H., Turkish, H., Adnan, H.M., 2012. The study of some of the diversity indices in Saline habitats in Glom province. The 5th National Conference on range & management of Iran. Broujerd.16-18 May. 379 pp. (In Persian)
- Corny, T., Donegal, J., Janacek, S., Retek, M., Valachovi, M., Patria, P., Altman, J., Bartow, M., Song, J.S., 2013. Environmental correlates of plant diversity in Korean temperate forests. Act Ecological, 47,pp 37-45.
- Khan, M., Ghanaian, G., Kamala Mascon, E., 2011. Comparison between plant species richness and diversity indices along different grazing gradients in southern warm-arid rangelands of Fars. Journal of Rangeland, 5(2), pp 129- 136. (In Persian)
- Kadeem Hossain, Z., 2010. Comparison of numerical indices of species diversity in three habitats with different grazing intensity (case study: Gardened Zamboni range in Arkansan). Journal of Rangeland, 4(1), pp104-111. (In Persian)
- 7-Schulze, E. D., Mooney, H.A., 1993. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning. Springer Pub., USA. 275pp.
- Tesserae, Z. K., Boer, W.F., Bars, R. M. T. de. Prims, H. H. T., 2011. Changes in soil nutrients, vegetation Structure and herbaceous biomass in response to grazing in a semi-arid savanna of Ethiopia. Journal of Arid Environments, 75, pp 662-670.
- Ghulam, P., Ghorbanifar, J., Shore, M., 2012. Assessing biodiversity of wooded rangelands in the Fars province (Case study: area of Mamas an’ Maher).The 5th National Conference on range & management of Iran. Broujerd.16-18 May, 379 pp. (In Persian)
- Kouri.M.H., Temzade.B., Shokri,M., Banihashemi.B., 2008, Comparison of diversity and richness indices in health assessment of mountain rangelands, Journal of Rangeland (4): 344-356. (In Persian)
- Tegan, A., Negate, L., Keshaun,A., 2011. Changes in plant species composition and diversity along a grazing Gradient from livestock watering point in Allaidege rangeland of North-eastern Ethiopia rangelands. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 23(9),pp 45-53.
- Qing Jib, R., Gasoline, W., Goodhue, R., 2009. Effect of grazing intensity on characteristics of alpine meadow Communities in the Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Act Prataculturae Sonica, 18(5),pp 256-261.
- Zamora J., Verdu J.R., Galant E. 2007. Species richness in Mediterranean, Biological Conservation. 134: 113-121.
- Krebs, C.J. 1998. Ecological methodology. 2nd. Edition. Manlo Park: Addison Wesley, 620p.
- Pitkanen, s. 1998. The use of diversity indices to assess the diversity of vegetation in managed Boreal Forests. Forest Ecology and Management. 112, pp 121-137.
- Sefidi, K., Esfandiary Darabad, F. and Azaryan, M., 2016. Effect of topography on tree species composition and volume of coarse woody debris in an Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) old growth forests, northern Iran. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 9(4): 658-665.
- Ejtehadi, H., Sepehri. A. Akafi. R., Methods of measuring biodiversity, 2009, Ferdowsi university press. 226 pp. (In Persian)
- Moghadam, M., 2003. Ecology of terrestrial plants. Publication of Tehran University, 701p. (In Persian)
- Salami, A., Zara, H., Amina Eshkevari, T., Jafri, B., 2007. Comparison of plant species diversity in the two Grazed and unglazed sites in Kohen Lashed, Nowshahr. Journal of Pajouhesh & Sazandegi, 75,pp 37-46. (In Persian)