بررسی تغییرات تنوع‌زیستی گیاهی مرتبط با زون‌های مختلف فشار اکوتوریسم (مطالعه موردی: پارک ملی خجیر)

محورهای موضوعی : تنوع زیستی

اطلس جیردشتانی ¹ , مهدی رمضانی ² , سارا نهیبی ³ , نعمت الله خراسانی ⁴

1 - دانشجوی دکتری علوم محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
2 - استادیار گروه مهندسی منابع طبیعی- محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.*(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - استادیار گروه مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
4 - استاد گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، ایران.

تاریخ دریافت : 1399/12/06 تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/06/17 تاریخ انتشار : 1400/08/01

کلید واژه: پارک ملی خجیر, شاخص غنا, پوشش گیاهی, حفاظت, تنوع زیستی,

چکیده مقاله :

زمینه و هدف: امروزه در بسیاری از کشورهای دنیا، اکوتوریسم برای دستیابی به رشد اقتصادی و همچنین حفاظت از محیط زیست و تنوع‌زیستی از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. اکوتوریسم یکی از جامع ترین جنبه های گردشگری است که تأثیر زیادی بر تنوع‌زیستی دارد. ارزیابی تنوع‌زیستی به عنوان شاخصی برای حفاظت بهتر پوشش گیاهی و تنوع گونه ها ضروری است. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی تاثیر اکوتوریسم بر پوشش گیاهی پارک ملی خجیر است.روش بررسی: این پژوهش در سال 1398 انجام شد و دو زون فشار اکوتوریسم کم (100 تا 150 متر از جاده) و فشار اکوتوریسم متوسط ​​(50 تا 100 متر از جاده) انتخاب شد. سپس 36 قطعه نمونه (1 × 1 متر، 1 متر مربع) به صورت تصادفی در فواصل مختلف انتخاب شدند. گونه ها، درختچه ها و گیاهان در قطعه نمونه ثبت شد. شاخص های تنوع‌زیستی در نرم افزارهایEcological methodology و PAST ارزیابی شد.یافته ها: بر اساس نتایج، درصد پوشش در زون های کم ​​و متوسط فشار اکوتوریسم اختلاف معنی دار داشت و به ترتیب 4/59 و 6/33 درصد بود که بیشترین آن مربوط به گونه درمنه است. شاخص غنای مارگالف تفاوت معنی داری را در زون های کم ​​و متوسط فشار اکوتوریسم با 55/5 و 01/4 نشان داد. شاخص شانون-وینر نشان داد که زون کم اکوتوریسم بیشترین تنوع را نسبت به زون فشار اکوتوریسمی متوسط دارد.بحث و نتیجه گیری: به طور کلی، زون فشار اکوتوریسم کم، تاثیر منفی کمی را بر روی گیاه و تنوع گونه ای دارد و با توجه به آن‎که این پارک از شاخص‌ترین و غنی ترین بخش های طبیعی کشور به شمار می رود، به‌همین دلیل حفاظت از زیستگاه ها و رویشگاه های گیاهی آن ضروری است.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Background and Objective: Nowadays, ecotourism is very important for managing economic growth as well as preserving the environment and biodiversity in many countries. Ecotourism is one of the most comprehensive aspects of tourism that has a high impact on biodiversity. Evaluation of biodiversity as an indicator is essential for better conservation of vegetation and species diversity. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of ecotourism on species diversity of Khojir National Park. Material and Methodology: We selected a low-ecotourism pressure zone (100 to 150 m distance from the road) and a medium-ecotourism pressure zone (50 to 100 meters from the road). All plant species were recorded at 36 random plots (1 × 1 m, 1 m2). Biodiversity indicates determine by using PAST and Ecological Methodology software.Findings: According to the results, there was a significant negative relation between statements of questionnaire and age. Relation between willing to certificated products and educational levels was positive significantly. There was not a significant relation between income levels and their wellness to these products.Discussion and Conclusions: knowledge and willing to participate in forest management via certificated forest products purchasing are affected by social other than economic factors. 

منابع و مأخذ:

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4. Behjoo, F., S. Sadeghi, P. Khalilzadeh and B. Mahbob. 2013. Effect of ecotourism on vegetation cover of rangelands (Talesh rangelands). Proceeding of the 1th Environmental conservation and sustainable development conference. 1-12 pp., Hamedan, Iran.


5. Chapin, E.S., E.S. Zavaleta, V.T. Eviner, R.L. Naylor, P.M. Vitousek, H.L. Reynolds, C.U. Hooper, S. Lavrel, O.E. Sala, S.E. Hobbie, M.C. Mack and S. Diaz. 1999. Functional and societal consequences of changing biotic diversity. Nature, 405, pp. 234-242.


6. Ejtehadi, H., A. Sepehri and H. Akkafi. 2009. Methods of biodiversity measurement. Publication of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, 226pp. (In Persian)


7. Esmaelzadeh, A., S.M. Hosseini and J. Oladi. 2005. A phytosociological study of english yew (Taxus baccata) in Afratakhteh reserve. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, Vol. 68, pp. 66-76. (In Persian)


8. Fisher, R. F., and D. Binkley. 2000: Ecology and management of forest soil. NewYork: Jhon Wiley and Sons, Vol. 140(2), pp. 227-238.


9. Goleiji, E., M. Hosseini, SH. Lak and M. Kiadaliry. 2011. Ecotourism effect on biodiversity parameter Chaldareh Park. Journal of Sciences and Techniques in Natural Resources, 6(3), pp. 85-97. (In Persian)


10. Hosseini, S., E. Goleiji and M. Kiadaliri. 2011. Effect of ecotourism on plant biodiversity in Chaldoran Forestry Park. Journal of Sciences and Techniques in Natural Resources Vol. 3, pp. 85-97.


11. Hosseini, S.M. 2001. Investigation on biodiversity of conifer forests in northern Iran. Proceeding of the 5^th National conference of Forest management and sustainable development. 75-98pp, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)


12. Humphery, J., R. Frries and M. Jukes. 2000. Biodiversity in planted forest. Results from the forestry commission biodiversity assessment Forestry commission technical paper, Vol. 107(2), pp. 165-180.


13. Jafari, Sh., A. Alizadeh, A. Danehkar and A. Nazari Samani. 2013. Comparison of two national Khojir and Sorkhe-hesar parks. Natural resource of Iran, 6(4), pp. 341-350. (In Persian)


14. Javadi, S., A. Armoye and M. Jafari. 2016. Relationship between vegetation cover and soil characteristics. Natural resource of Iran, 69(2), pp. 353-366. (In Persian)


15. Jeffrey, A.H., W.H. Vanderputten, H. Turin, R. Wagenar and T.M. Bezemer. 2008. Effects of changes in plant species richness and community traits on carabid assemblages and feeding guilds. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 127, pp. 100-106.


16. Jenkins, M. and A. Parker. 1998. Composition and diversity of woody vegetation in silvicultural openings of southern Indiana forests, Forest Ecology and Management, 109, pp. 57-74.


17. Kolahi M., T. Sakai, K. Moriya, M. Makhdoum, L. Koyama. 2013. Assessment of the effectiveness of protected areas management in Iran: Case study in Khojir national park. Environmental Management, 52, pp. 514–530.


18. Krebs, C. J., 1999. Ecological methodology. 2^nd Benjamin-Cummings Pub. New York. 620p.


19. Lorestani, Z. 2010. Effect of ecotourism on soil compaction and biodiversity index (Javaherdeh forest park). MSc Thesis, Tehran Universitry, Tehran, Iran. 112 pp. (In Persian)


20. Mahallati S. 2001. An introduction to tourism. 1st edn., Shahid Beheshti University Press, Tehran, Iran. 334 pp.


21. Mesdaghi, M. 2000. An investigation of species richness and life form under three levels of range utilization in semi-steppe of northeast of Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, 7(3), pp. 55-62. (In Persian)


22. A.R., S.H. Saeidi mehrvarz, M. Norozi and M. Faridi. 2006. Contribution to the vascular and bryophyte flora as well as habitat diversity of the Boujagh national park, Iran. Rostaniha, Vol. 7(2), pp. 83-105.


23. Porbabaei, H. 2008. Statistical Ecology. Gilan University Publication, Gilan, Iran, 428p.


24. Schulze, E. D. and H. A. Mooney. 1993. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Springer Publication, USA. 275pp.


25. Shabani S., Akbarinia M., Jalali. Gh. and A. Aliarab. 2010. Effect of forest gaps size on biodiversity of plant species in Querco- Carpinetum stands in Khanikan forest, Chalous. Journal of Iranian Biology. Vol. 3(4), pp. 1-17. (In Persian)


26. Zerghy, A.M., S.M. Hossein, H. Ejtehady and F. Mellatii. 2009. The effect of ecotourism on plant biodiversity in Tandore National Park. Biology, Vol. 4(3), pp. 47-54. (In Persian)


27. Zhanfeng, L., B. Fu, X. Zheng and G. Liu. 2010. Plant biomass, Soil water content and soil N: P ratio regulating soil microbial functional diversity in a temperate steppe, a regional scale study. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 42, pp. 45-450.

 

 

 

 

1. Alijani, Z. and F. Sarmadian. 2014. The role of topography in Changing of soil carbonate content Indian Journal of Science Research, Vol. 6(1), pp. 263-271.


2. Altinay, M. and K. Hussain. 2005. Sustainable tourism development: a case study of North Cyprus, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 17 (3), pp 272 – 280


3. Barker, D.J., M.B. Dodd and M.E. Wedderbum. 2004. Plant diversity effect on herbage production and compositional changes in New Zealand hill country pastures. Grass and Forage Science, 59(1), pp. 12-29.


4. Behjoo, F., S. Sadeghi, P. Khalilzadeh and B. Mahbob. 2013. Effect of ecotourism on vegetation cover of rangelands (Talesh rangelands). Proceeding of the 1th Environmental conservation and sustainable development conference. 1-12 pp., Hamedan, Iran.


5. Chapin, E.S., E.S. Zavaleta, V.T. Eviner, R.L. Naylor, P.M. Vitousek, H.L. Reynolds, C.U. Hooper, S. Lavrel, O.E. Sala, S.E. Hobbie, M.C. Mack and S. Diaz. 1999. Functional and societal consequences of changing biotic diversity. Nature, 405, pp. 234-242.


6. Ejtehadi, H., A. Sepehri and H. Akkafi. 2009. Methods of biodiversity measurement. Publication of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, 226pp. (In Persian)


7. Esmaelzadeh, A., S.M. Hosseini and J. Oladi. 2005. A phytosociological study of english yew (Taxus baccata) in Afratakhteh reserve. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, Vol. 68, pp. 66-76. (In Persian)


8. Fisher, R. F., and D. Binkley. 2000: Ecology and management of forest soil. NewYork: Jhon Wiley and Sons, Vol. 140(2), pp. 227-238.


9. Goleiji, E., M. Hosseini, SH. Lak and M. Kiadaliry. 2011. Ecotourism effect on biodiversity parameter Chaldareh Park. Journal of Sciences and Techniques in Natural Resources, 6(3), pp. 85-97. (In Persian)


10. Hosseini, S., E. Goleiji and M. Kiadaliri. 2011. Effect of ecotourism on plant biodiversity in Chaldoran Forestry Park. Journal of Sciences and Techniques in Natural Resources Vol. 3, pp. 85-97.


11. Hosseini, S.M. 2001. Investigation on biodiversity of conifer forests in northern Iran. Proceeding of the 5^th National conference of Forest management and sustainable development. 75-98pp, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)


12. Humphery, J., R. Frries and M. Jukes. 2000. Biodiversity in planted forest. Results from the forestry commission biodiversity assessment Forestry commission technical paper, Vol. 107(2), pp. 165-180.


13. Jafari, Sh., A. Alizadeh, A. Danehkar and A. Nazari Samani. 2013. Comparison of two national Khojir and Sorkhe-hesar parks. Natural resource of Iran, 6(4), pp. 341-350. (In Persian)


14. Javadi, S., A. Armoye and M. Jafari. 2016. Relationship between vegetation cover and soil characteristics. Natural resource of Iran, 69(2), pp. 353-366. (In Persian)


15. Jeffrey, A.H., W.H. Vanderputten, H. Turin, R. Wagenar and T.M. Bezemer. 2008. Effects of changes in plant species richness and community traits on carabid assemblages and feeding guilds. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 127, pp. 100-106.


16. Jenkins, M. and A. Parker. 1998. Composition and diversity of woody vegetation in silvicultural openings of southern Indiana forests, Forest Ecology and Management, 109, pp. 57-74.


17. Kolahi M., T. Sakai, K. Moriya, M. Makhdoum, L. Koyama. 2013. Assessment of the effectiveness of protected areas management in Iran: Case study in Khojir national park. Environmental Management, 52, pp. 514–530.


18. Krebs, C. J., 1999. Ecological methodology. 2^nd Benjamin-Cummings Pub. New York. 620p.


19. Lorestani, Z. 2010. Effect of ecotourism on soil compaction and biodiversity index (Javaherdeh forest park). MSc Thesis, Tehran Universitry, Tehran, Iran. 112 pp. (In Persian)


20. Mahallati S. 2001. An introduction to tourism. 1st edn., Shahid Beheshti University Press, Tehran, Iran. 334 pp.


21. Mesdaghi, M. 2000. An investigation of species richness and life form under three levels of range utilization in semi-steppe of northeast of Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, 7(3), pp. 55-62. (In Persian)


22. A.R., S.H. Saeidi mehrvarz, M. Norozi and M. Faridi. 2006. Contribution to the vascular and bryophyte flora as well as habitat diversity of the Boujagh national park, Iran. Rostaniha, Vol. 7(2), pp. 83-105.


23. Porbabaei, H. 2008. Statistical Ecology. Gilan University Publication, Gilan, Iran, 428p.


24. Schulze, E. D. and H. A. Mooney. 1993. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Springer Publication, USA. 275pp.


25. Shabani S., Akbarinia M., Jalali. Gh. and A. Aliarab. 2010. Effect of forest gaps size on biodiversity of plant species in Querco- Carpinetum stands in Khanikan forest, Chalous. Journal of Iranian Biology. Vol. 3(4), pp. 1-17. (In Persian)


26. Zerghy, A.M., S.M. Hossein, H. Ejtehady and F. Mellatii. 2009. The effect of ecotourism on plant biodiversity in Tandore National Park. Biology, Vol. 4(3), pp. 47-54. (In Persian)


27. Zhanfeng, L., B. Fu, X. Zheng and G. Liu. 2010. Plant biomass, Soil water content and soil N: P ratio regulating soil microbial functional diversity in a temperate steppe, a regional scale study. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 42, pp. 45-450.

 

1. Alijani, Z. and F. Sarmadian. 2014. The role of topography in Changing of soil carbonate content Indian Journal of Science Research, Vol. 6(1), pp. 263-271.


2. Altinay, M. and K. Hussain. 2005. Sustainable tourism development: a case study of North Cyprus, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 17 (3), pp 272 – 280


3. Barker, D.J., M.B. Dodd and M.E. Wedderbum. 2004. Plant diversity effect on herbage production and compositional changes in New Zealand hill country pastures. Grass and Forage Science, 59(1), pp. 12-29.


4. Behjoo, F., S. Sadeghi, P. Khalilzadeh and B. Mahbob. 2013. Effect of ecotourism on vegetation cover of rangelands (Talesh rangelands). Proceeding of the 1th Environmental conservation and sustainable development conference. 1-12 pp., Hamedan, Iran.


5. Chapin, E.S., E.S. Zavaleta, V.T. Eviner, R.L. Naylor, P.M. Vitousek, H.L. Reynolds, C.U. Hooper, S. Lavrel, O.E. Sala, S.E. Hobbie, M.C. Mack and S. Diaz. 1999. Functional and societal consequences of changing biotic diversity. Nature, 405, pp. 234-242.


6. Ejtehadi, H., A. Sepehri and H. Akkafi. 2009. Methods of biodiversity measurement. Publication of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, 226pp. (In Persian)


7. Esmaelzadeh, A., S.M. Hosseini and J. Oladi. 2005. A phytosociological study of english yew (Taxus baccata) in Afratakhteh reserve. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, Vol. 68, pp. 66-76. (In Persian)


8. Fisher, R. F., and D. Binkley. 2000: Ecology and management of forest soil. NewYork: Jhon Wiley and Sons, Vol. 140(2), pp. 227-238.


9. Goleiji, E., M. Hosseini, SH. Lak and M. Kiadaliry. 2011. Ecotourism effect on biodiversity parameter Chaldareh Park. Journal of Sciences and Techniques in Natural Resources, 6(3), pp. 85-97. (In Persian)


10. Hosseini, S., E. Goleiji and M. Kiadaliri. 2011. Effect of ecotourism on plant biodiversity in Chaldoran Forestry Park. Journal of Sciences and Techniques in Natural Resources Vol. 3, pp. 85-97.


11. Hosseini, S.M. 2001. Investigation on biodiversity of conifer forests in northern Iran. Proceeding of the 5^th National conference of Forest management and sustainable development. 75-98pp, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)


12. Humphery, J., R. Frries and M. Jukes. 2000. Biodiversity in planted forest. Results from the forestry commission biodiversity assessment Forestry commission technical paper, Vol. 107(2), pp. 165-180.


13. Jafari, Sh., A. Alizadeh, A. Danehkar and A. Nazari Samani. 2013. Comparison of two national Khojir and Sorkhe-hesar parks. Natural resource of Iran, 6(4), pp. 341-350. (In Persian)


14. Javadi, S., A. Armoye and M. Jafari. 2016. Relationship between vegetation cover and soil characteristics. Natural resource of Iran, 69(2), pp. 353-366. (In Persian)


15. Jeffrey, A.H., W.H. Vanderputten, H. Turin, R. Wagenar and T.M. Bezemer. 2008. Effects of changes in plant species richness and community traits on carabid assemblages and feeding guilds. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 127, pp. 100-106.


16. Jenkins, M. and A. Parker. 1998. Composition and diversity of woody vegetation in silvicultural openings of southern Indiana forests, Forest Ecology and Management, 109, pp. 57-74.


17. Kolahi M., T. Sakai, K. Moriya, M. Makhdoum, L. Koyama. 2013. Assessment of the effectiveness of protected areas management in Iran: Case study in Khojir national park. Environmental Management, 52, pp. 514–530.


18. Krebs, C. J., 1999. Ecological methodology. 2^nd Benjamin-Cummings Pub. New York. 620p.


19. Lorestani, Z. 2010. Effect of ecotourism on soil compaction and biodiversity index (Javaherdeh forest park). MSc Thesis, Tehran Universitry, Tehran, Iran. 112 pp. (In Persian)


20. Mahallati S. 2001. An introduction to tourism. 1st edn., Shahid Beheshti University Press, Tehran, Iran. 334 pp.


21. Mesdaghi, M. 2000. An investigation of species richness and life form under three levels of range utilization in semi-steppe of northeast of Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, 7(3), pp. 55-62. (In Persian)


22. A.R., S.H. Saeidi mehrvarz, M. Norozi and M. Faridi. 2006. Contribution to the vascular and bryophyte flora as well as habitat diversity of the Boujagh national park, Iran. Rostaniha, Vol. 7(2), pp. 83-105.


23. Porbabaei, H. 2008. Statistical Ecology. Gilan University Publication, Gilan, Iran, 428p.


24. Schulze, E. D. and H. A. Mooney. 1993. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Springer Publication, USA. 275pp.


25. Shabani S., Akbarinia M., Jalali. Gh. and A. Aliarab. 2010. Effect of forest gaps size on biodiversity of plant species in Querco- Carpinetum stands in Khanikan forest, Chalous. Journal of Iranian Biology. Vol. 3(4), pp. 1-17. (In Persian)


26. Zerghy, A.M., S.M. Hossein, H. Ejtehady and F. Mellatii. 2009. The effect of ecotourism on plant biodiversity in Tandore National Park. Biology, Vol. 4(3), pp. 47-54. (In Persian)


27. Zhanfeng, L., B. Fu, X. Zheng and G. Liu. 2010. Plant biomass, Soil water content and soil N: P ratio regulating soil microbial functional diversity in a temperate steppe, a regional scale study. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 42, pp. 45-450.