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کد مقاله : JEST-1704-3494 (R1) بازدید : 60 صفحه: 207 - 218

10.22034/jest.2019.26005.3494

نوع مقاله: پژوهشی

ضرورت اجرای اصل احتیاطی در حفاظت از محیط زیست

محورهای موضوعی : حقوق محیط زیست

شیرین شیرازیان 1 (استادیار گروه حقوق محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع‌طبیعی و محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، ایران.)
فلورا حیدری 2 (دکتری حقوق محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، ایران* (مسوول مکاتبات)
مهدی حیدری 3 (دکتری مهندسی عمران، گروه عمران و محیط زیست، دانشگاه کنکوردیا، مونترال، کبک، کانادا .)

تاریخ دریافت : 1396/02/20 تاریخ پذیرش : 1396/11/22 تاریخ انتشار : 1398/05/01

کلید واژه: حفاظت محیط‌زیست, عدم‌قطعیت علمی, حقوق نرم, حقوق سخت, اصل احتیاطی,

چکیده مقاله :

چکیده اتخاذ تدابیر احتیاطی برای احتراز از پیامد زیان بار ناشی از فعالیت های محیط زیستی که دانش بشری درباره احتمال وقوع آن قطعیت علمی ندارد، در حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست جایگاه ویژه ای یافته است که به اصل احتیاطی موسوم است. از آن جا که تلاش جامعه جهانی همواره بر این نکته استوار است که راه حلی برای حفاظت از محیط زیست بیابند، از این رو اصل احتیاطی به عنوان یکی از اصول پایه ای حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست در اسناد متعددی از قبیل حقوق سخت و حقوق نرم مورد تأکید واقع گردیده است. در پرتو اصل احتیاطی حتی در مواردی که دلایل قطعی علمی در مورد زیان آور بودن فعالیت های محیط زیستی وجود ندارد، انجام اقدامات احتیاطی تحت کنترل بهترین فن آوری به منظور کاهش خطرات بالقوه بر محیط زیست امری ضروری می باشد و بایستی از فعالیت هایی که بالقوه دارای آثار سوء هستند، جلوگیری گردد. نتایج پژوهش حاضر گویای آن است که اصل احتیاطی به دلیل عدم رعایت اجرا به شکل واحد و عدم توافق در مورد مفهوم عدم قطعیت علمی دچار اشکالات حقوقی متعددی گردیده است. در مواجهه با چالش موجود، ارایه تعریفی جامع برای اصل احتیاطی بر مبنای مشورت در سند اولیه تحت عنوان کنوانسیون-چارچوب که به کلیات موضوع می پردازد و متعاقباً توافق در مورد جزییات موضوع و بیان اختلافات موجود از قبیل اجرایی کردن اصل احتیاطی و توافقات آینده در راستای اصول و اهداف کنوانسیون در اسناد آتی که تحت عنوان پروتکل نامیده می شود به همراه بهره گرفتن از مشورت های علمی با متخصصان محیط زیست جهت ارزیابی محیط زیست منطقه ضروری است.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Abstract Undertaking precautionary means to avoid adverse impact of environmental activities about whose probability of occurrence lacks scientific certainty have found a profound position within international environmental law, this is generally referred to as precautionary principle. Since international community is always seeking solutions to protect environment, the precautionary principle has been emphasized as one of the fundamental principles of international law in numerous documents including hard law and soft law. According to the light of the precautionary principle, even in cases where any definitive scientific reason indicating harmfulness of environmental activities is yet to be found, it is still necessary to undertake precautionary practices by the best technology to reduce potential risks affecting the environment and activities that have potentially adverse effects should be reduced. Results of the present research indicate that the precautionary principle is engaged with numerous legal issues as it suffers from non-uniform implementation and lack of agreement on the concept of scientific uncertainty. To cope with this challenge, it is necessary to start with presenting a comprehensive definition of precautionary principle based on consultation in a document called convention-framework where generalities of the topic are discussed, followed by coming to an agreement on details and expressing possible disagreements such as implantation of the precautionary principle and formulating future agreements based on the principles and objectives defined in the convention to form future documents, generally referred to as protocols along with taking advantages of technical consultation with environmental experts to assess local environment

منابع و مأخذ:


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  1. Shivaraj S., H., 2016. The Precautionary Principle in International Environmental Law: Conflicting Dimensions in Economic Perspective. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2775536, pp. 1-15.
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  2. European Union’s Commission on the Precautionary Principle (EU,2000)
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  1. The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992.
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  2. Sheridan, M., Lavrysen. L., 2002. Environmental Law Principles in Practice, Bruxelles, Bruylant, Paris, 217 pages.
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  6. Stacey, J., 2016. Preventive Justice, the Precautionary Principle and the Rule of Law. International Journal of Management Sciences, University of British Columbia (UBC), Faculty of Law, Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2772235,pp. 1-19.
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  1. Poor Hashemi, S. A. Zare, A. Study of the Implementation of Precautionary Principle in International Environmental Law. Journal of Law and Politics, Graduate School of Law and Political Sciences Islamic Azad University Tehran Science and Research Campus, 2015; Vol. 11, No. 1 (Consecutive 23), pp. 117-127. (In Persian)
    2.
  2. kiss, Charles, 1993. Les traités-cadre: une technique juridique caractéristique du droit international de l'environnement. Annuaire francais de droit international, Editions du CNRS, PARIS, Vol. 39, No.1.


 

 

 

_||_

  1. Ramezani Ghavam Abadi, A. H. Comparative Study on the Implementation of the Environmental Precautionary Principle in the Light of Orders and Decisions of International Authorities. Journal of Public Law Research, 2013; Vol. 15, No. 40, pp. 141-164. (In Persian)
    2.
  2. Hayati, A. A. Concept of the Precautionary Principle and its Place in Civil Liability. Journal of Islamic Law Research, 2014; Vol. 15, No. 2 (Consecutive 40), pp. 185-206. (In Persian)
    3.
  3. Mackay, D., 1995. Nuclear Testing: New Zealand and France in the International Court of Justice. Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 19, Issue 5, pp. 1857-1887.
    4.
  4. Habibi, M. H. (Translator). Environmental Law. Kiss, A., Sand, P.H., Lang, W.  First Edition. Vol. 3. Tehran: University of Tehran Press; 2007. 461 pages. (In Persian)
    5.
  5. Moudachirou, D.,Mukhtar, H., 2016. Precautionary Principle in International Environmental Law: Rule of Customary International Law. International Journal of Management Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 12, pp. 564-571.
    6.
  6. Schomberg, R., 2012. The Precautionary Principle: Its Use within Hard and Soft Law. Symposium on the European Parliament’s Role in Risk Governance. European Journal of Risk Regulation (EJRR), Issue 2, pp. 147-156.
    7.
  7. Cousy, H., 1996. The Precautionary Principle: A Status Questionis. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, Vol. 21, No. 79. Available at: https://www. genevaassociation.org/media/231494/ga1996_ gp21(79) -cousy.pdf, pp. 158-169.
    8.
  8. Freestone, D., 1991. The Precautionary Principle in International law and Global Climate Change. Churchill, R. and Freestone, D.(eds), London, Boston, Graham and Trotman/Martinus Nijhoff, 447 pages.
    9.
  9. Luttenbergerger, A., 2014. The Role of Precautionary Principle in Environmental Protection of Coastal Area. 22nd Biennial International Congress (May 08-09th) Tourism and Hospitality Industry: Congress Proceedings Trends in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, Opatija, Croatia, pp. 70-78.
    10.
  10. De Sadeleer, N., 1999. Les Principes du Pollueur- Payeur, de prévention et de précaution, Universités francophones, Bruxelles, Bruylant, Paris, AUPELF-UREF (A.U.F.), 437 pages.
    11.
  11. Poor Hashemi, S. A. Arghand, B. International Environmental Law. First Edition. Tehran: Dadgostar Press; 2013. 293 pages. (In Persian)
    12.
  12. Paz, M. C., 2013. Precautionary Principle: Case Law in Colombia. Journal of Civil & Legal Sciences, Vol. 3, Issue 1, pp. 1-5. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2169-0170.1000108.
    13.

  1. Shivaraj S., H., 2016. The Precautionary Principle in International Environmental Law: Conflicting Dimensions in Economic Perspective. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2775536, pp. 1-15.
    2.
  2. European Union’s Commission on the Precautionary Principle (EU,2000)
    3.

  1. The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992.
    2.
  2. Sheridan, M., Lavrysen. L., 2002. Environmental Law Principles in Practice, Bruxelles, Bruylant, Paris, 217 pages.
    3.
  3. Moosavi, S. F. Arash poor, A. Place of Precautionary Principle in International Environmental Law. Journal of Public Law Research, 2015; Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 167-179. (In Persian)
    4.
  4. Buffelan Lanore, Y., Larribu Terneyre, V., 2017. Droit civil, les obligations. 15e Edition, sirey Université, 1208 pages.
    5.
  5. Mashhadi, A. Khosro Shahi, H. Yousefi, Z. (Translator). Environmental Law Requirements. Rush, K. First Edition. Tehran: Korsandi Press; 2011. 148 pages. (In Persian)
    6.
  6. Stacey, J., 2016. Preventive Justice, the Precautionary Principle and the Rule of Law. International Journal of Management Sciences, University of British Columbia (UBC), Faculty of Law, Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2772235,pp. 1-19.
    7.
  7. Hanji, S.A. (Translator). Alignment of the Law of Treaties and International Liability in the Light of September 25, 1997 of the International Court of Justice on the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros (Hungary- Slovakia). Weckel, P. Journal of Law Research. 1999, No. 25 and 26, pp. 180-230. (In Persian)
    8.

  1. Poor Hashemi, S. A. Zare, A. Study of the Implementation of Precautionary Principle in International Environmental Law. Journal of Law and Politics, Graduate School of Law and Political Sciences Islamic Azad University Tehran Science and Research Campus, 2015; Vol. 11, No. 1 (Consecutive 23), pp. 117-127. (In Persian)
    2.
  2. kiss, Charles, 1993. Les traités-cadre: une technique juridique caractéristique du droit international de l'environnement. Annuaire francais de droit international, Editions du CNRS, PARIS, Vol. 39, No.1.


 

 

 

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