ارزیابی وضعیت تاب آوری شهری در برابر جزایر حرارتی شهری (مطالعه موردی: مناطق 11 و 6 شهرداری تهران)
محورهای موضوعی :
معماری و شهرسازی
آرش پاک اندیش
1
(پژوهشگر دکتری شهرسازی ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد امارات متحده عربی، گروه شهرسازی، دبی ، امارات متحده عربی)
فرح حبیب
2
(استاد دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران – نویسنده مسئول)
نسیم خانلو
3
(استادیار دانشکده معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران شرق، تهران، ایران)
تاریخ دریافت : 1396/05/16
تاریخ پذیرش : 1396/06/22
تاریخ انتشار : 1398/07/01
کلید واژه:
تغییر اقلیم,
تاب آوری,
جزایر حرارتی,
تهران,
شهر,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: امروزه جزایر حرارتی شهری موجب تغییر در شرایط اقلیمی شهرها می‌شود که این امر در شرایط زیست شهری تأثیرگذار بوده و موجب کاهش آسایش اقلیمی در شهر می گردد. لذا برای مقابله با جزایر حرارت شهری، مدیران و برنامه ریزان شهری باید طرح ها و برنامه‌هایی در نظر بگیرند که علاوه بر ایجاد آسایش اقلیمی در شهر از مصرف بی رویه انرژی در شهر نیز جلوگیری به عمل آید. مقاله حاضر با هدف بررسی وضعیت تاب آوری مناطق 6 و 11شهر تهران در برابر جزایر حرارتی شهری انجام شده است.
روش بررسی: برای انجام تحقیق حاضر، از منطقه 6 شهر تهران محلات میدان ولیعصر و دانشگاه تهران و از منطقه 11 محله جمالزاده حشمت الدوله و محله ی فلسطین- انقلاب انتخاب گردیده است. در ابتدا معیارهای اثر گذار بر تاب آوری تعیین و اثر آن ها نیز مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و پرسش نامه مربوطه به وزن دهی معیارها در اختیار خبرگان قرار گرفته در نهایت اطلاعات پرسش نامه در نرم افزار expert choice تحلیل و اوزان مولفه و معیارهای مورد نظر استخراج گردید. با استفاده از مدل AHP وزن دهی شد و در محیط GIS به صورت لایه های رقومی مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته است.
یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد در محله دانشگاه تهران بخش های تاب آور به صورت پراکنده در بین بخش های با تاب آوری کم تر قرار گرفته و از توزیع یکسانی برخوردار نیست. در منطقه 11 نیز بخش شرقی محله فلسطین- انقلاب از تاب آوری بیش تری نسبت به بخش های غرب برخوردار است. محله حشمت الدوله جمال زاده نیز به طور کلی نسبت به محله فلسطین انقلاب از تاب اوری کمتری برخوردار بوده و تنها در بخش های کوچکی در بخش های شمالی از تاب آوری بیش تری برخوردار است.
بحث و نتیجه گیری: به طور کلی و طبق یافته ها، در منطقه 6 ، محله ولیعصر به استثنای بخش های شمال شرق و جنوب غرب نسبت به محله دانشگاه تهران از تاب آوری بیبش تری برخوردار است.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Backgrounds and research goals: Nowadays urban heat islands cause climate changes in the cities, which is an impactful event in the urban life and causes a reduction in the climate welfare on the city surfaces. Thus in order to confront urban heat islands, urban designers and planners should consider a number of programs to prevent the unnecessary consumption of energy in addition to the development of climate welfare. The following article is done aiming to analyze the sustenance of the district 6 and 11 in Tehran against the urban heat islands.
Research method: For the purpose of this study, Valiasr Square and University of Tehran from District 6 and Jamalzadeh Heshmat al-Dawlah and Palestine-Revolution neighborhoods from district 11 were selected. At first, the criteria affecting resilience were determined and their effects were evaluated and the questionnaire related to weighting of the criteria was provided to the experts was done. It was weighted using AHP model and analyzed in GIS environment as digital layers.
Findings: The results reflected the fact that the Valiasr neighbourhood has a more sustenance comparing to the neighborhood of Tehran University except for the northeast and southwest areas. In the neighborhoods of Tehran University, highly sustained areas are sporadically located in the areas with the lower sustenance and do not have identical distribution. In the district 11, the eastern area of Felestin-Enghelab area has a more sustenance comparing to the western areas, too. Heshmat ol-dowleh Jamalzadeh area has a generally lower sustenance comparing to the Felestin-Enghelab area and it is only included a few number of areas with high sustenance.
Discussion and conclusion: Generally and based on the findings, in the district 6, the Valiasr locality possess a higher level of sustenance compared to the locality of Tehran university, except for some parts in northeast and southwest.
منابع و مأخذ:
Iran Meteorological Organization (2014) A summary of the evaluation by the fifth intergovernmental council of climate change and the future IPCC programs, meeting of the secretariat, January 2014.
Manton. M.J, P.M. Della-Marta, M.R. Haylock, K.J. Hennessy, N. Nicholls, L.E. Chambers, D.A. Collins, G. Daw, A. Finet, D. Gunawan, K. Inape, H. Isobe, T.S. Kestin, P. Lefale, C.H. Leyu, T. Lwin, L. Maitrepierre, N. Ouprasitwong, C.M. Page, J. Pahalad, N. Plummer, M.J. Salinger, R. Suppiah, V.L. Tran, B. Trewin, I. Tibig and D. Yee(2001) Trends iv extreme Daly Rainfall and Temperature in Southeast Asia and south Pacific: 1961- 1998, International Journal of Climatology, vol 21: pp269–284.
Klein, R.G.N & Thomalla, F(2003), Resilience to Natural Hazard: How Useful is this Concept, Environmental Hazards.
Zhang .X, et al (2005) Trends in Middle East climate extreme indices from 1950 to 2003, Journal of Geophysical Research, VOL. 110.
Vincent. L. A. T. C. Peterson, V. R. Barros, M . B. Marino, M. Rusticucci, G. Carrasco, E. Ramirez, L. M.Alves, T.Ambrizzi, M.A.Beriato, A.M.Grimm, J.A.Marengo, L.Molion. K.D.F.Moncunill.l E. REebello, Y. M. T. Anunclacao, J. Quintana, J. L. Santos, J. Baez, G. Coronel, J. Garcia,r I. Trebejo, M. Bidegain, M. R. Haylock, and D. Karoly(2005) Observed Trends in Indices of Daily Temperature Extremes in South America 1960–2000, Journal of climatology, vol 18, pp 5011- 5023.
New .M, Bruce Hewitson, David B. Stephenson, Alois Tsiga, Andries Kruger, Atanasio Manhique, Bernard Gomez, Caio A. S. Coelho, Dorcas Ntiki Masisi.
Brown .P. J, Raymond. S. Bradley, Frank T. Keimig(2010) Changes in Extreme Climate Indices for the Northeastern United States, 1870–2005, Journal of Climate, vol 23, pp 6555- 6572.
Insaf, T.Z., Lin, S., Sheridan, S.C. (2012) climate trends in indices for temperature and precipitation across New York State, 1948-2008, Air Qual Atmos Health, Volume 1, N. 1, June 2008, DOI 10.1007/s11869-011-0168.
Buric. D, J. Lukovi´c, V. Duci´c, J. Dragojlovi´c, and M. Doderovi´c)2014) Recent trends in daily temperature extremes over southern Montenegro (1951–2010), Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., vol 14, pp 67–72, 2014.
Nowak, D. J. F. Dwyer, 2000. "Understanding the Benefits and Costs of Urban Forest Ecosystems". In Handbook of Urban and Community Forestry in the Northeast. J. E. Kuser, ed. New York: klawer Acade mic / Plenum Publishers.
McEntire, D. A., Fuller, C. & Weber, R )2002(, A Comparison of Disaster Paradigm: the Search for a Holistic Policy, Public Administration Review, Vol 62, Issue 3, pp 267-281.
Klein, R.G.N & Thomalla, F(2003), Resilience to Natural Hazard: How Useful is this Concept, Environmental Hazards.
Saavedra, C. Budd, WilliamW,. Lovrich, Nicholas P,(2012), Assessing Resilience to Climate Change in US Cities, Urban Studies Research Volume 2012, Article ID 458172.
ABD, Urban Climate Change Resilience: A Synopsis, 2014, Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/publications/urban-climate-change-resilience-synopsis.
Stone, Jr., Brian Vargo, , Jason, Peng Liu, Yongtao Hu, Armistead Russell, (2013), Climate Change Adaptation Through Urban Heat Management in Atlanta, Georgia Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 7780−7786.
. Lesnikowski, A,(2014), Adaptation to Urban Heat Island Effect in Vancouver, BC: A case study in analyzing vulnerability and adaptation opportunities, a project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts (planning) , the university of british Colombia , September 2014.
Kazmierczak, A. and Carter, J. (2010) Nagoya: Adaptation to climate change driven by biodiversity conservation Adaptation to climate change using green and blue infrastructure. A database of case studies. INTERREG IVC.
Naghavi, F. (2005) Process of temperature and rainfall limit indicators, Phd thesis, Campus of Geography, University of Tehran.
Rahim Zadeh. F; Pourasgharian. H (2011) Evaluating the processes and mutations in the icons of temperature limit indicators in the Hormozgan state, Geographical development journal, Issue. 21, pp. 97-116.
Ranjbar Sadatabadi. A (2004) Heat island in Tehran and its general simulation, Journal of Earth and Space physics, Vol. 31, Issue. 63, pp. 1-78.
Marouf Nejad. A (2011) Role of the urban uses of land on the development of urban heat islands (case study: City of Ahwaz), Zagros Landscape quarterly journal of geography and urban management, Vol. 3, Issue. 10, Winter 2011.
Mehregan. H; Rohami. M. B; Khaknejad. A (2013) Analysing the environmental management of the urban heat islands, Eight international conference of architecture, urbanisation and sustainable development, with a focus on the native architecture to sustainable city, Khavaran institute of higher education, Mashad, December 26th, 2013.
Soltani Nejad. A (1997) Environmental impact of pollutant gasses left from the motor vehicles with a focus on the air quality in great Tehran area, Journal of environment, Vol. 9, issue. 4, pp. 20-25.
Ramezani. B; Dokht mohammad, M (2010) Recognizing the spatial borders regarding the development of urban heat islands in the city of Rasht, Journal of urban management and research, Vol. 1., Issue. 1, Summer 2010.
Behtash. F; Zaki Nejad, M. A; Pir Babai, M. T, Asgari, A (2013) Evaluation and analysis of the dimensions and components of the resilience in Tabriz metropolis, Journal of the fine-arts - architecture and urbanization, Vol. 18, issue. 3., Fall 2013.
_||_
Iran Meteorological Organization (2014) A summary of the evaluation by the fifth intergovernmental council of climate change and the future IPCC programs, meeting of the secretariat, January 2014.
Manton. M.J, P.M. Della-Marta, M.R. Haylock, K.J. Hennessy, N. Nicholls, L.E. Chambers, D.A. Collins, G. Daw, A. Finet, D. Gunawan, K. Inape, H. Isobe, T.S. Kestin, P. Lefale, C.H. Leyu, T. Lwin, L. Maitrepierre, N. Ouprasitwong, C.M. Page, J. Pahalad, N. Plummer, M.J. Salinger, R. Suppiah, V.L. Tran, B. Trewin, I. Tibig and D. Yee(2001) Trends iv extreme Daly Rainfall and Temperature in Southeast Asia and south Pacific: 1961- 1998, International Journal of Climatology, vol 21: pp269–284.
Klein, R.G.N & Thomalla, F(2003), Resilience to Natural Hazard: How Useful is this Concept, Environmental Hazards.
Zhang .X, et al (2005) Trends in Middle East climate extreme indices from 1950 to 2003, Journal of Geophysical Research, VOL. 110.
Vincent. L. A. T. C. Peterson, V. R. Barros, M . B. Marino, M. Rusticucci, G. Carrasco, E. Ramirez, L. M.Alves, T.Ambrizzi, M.A.Beriato, A.M.Grimm, J.A.Marengo, L.Molion. K.D.F.Moncunill.l E. REebello, Y. M. T. Anunclacao, J. Quintana, J. L. Santos, J. Baez, G. Coronel, J. Garcia,r I. Trebejo, M. Bidegain, M. R. Haylock, and D. Karoly(2005) Observed Trends in Indices of Daily Temperature Extremes in South America 1960–2000, Journal of climatology, vol 18, pp 5011- 5023.
New .M, Bruce Hewitson, David B. Stephenson, Alois Tsiga, Andries Kruger, Atanasio Manhique, Bernard Gomez, Caio A. S. Coelho, Dorcas Ntiki Masisi.
Brown .P. J, Raymond. S. Bradley, Frank T. Keimig(2010) Changes in Extreme Climate Indices for the Northeastern United States, 1870–2005, Journal of Climate, vol 23, pp 6555- 6572.
Insaf, T.Z., Lin, S., Sheridan, S.C. (2012) climate trends in indices for temperature and precipitation across New York State, 1948-2008, Air Qual Atmos Health, Volume 1, N. 1, June 2008, DOI 10.1007/s11869-011-0168.
Buric. D, J. Lukovi´c, V. Duci´c, J. Dragojlovi´c, and M. Doderovi´c)2014) Recent trends in daily temperature extremes over southern Montenegro (1951–2010), Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., vol 14, pp 67–72, 2014.
Nowak, D. J. F. Dwyer, 2000. "Understanding the Benefits and Costs of Urban Forest Ecosystems". In Handbook of Urban and Community Forestry in the Northeast. J. E. Kuser, ed. New York: klawer Acade mic / Plenum Publishers.
McEntire, D. A., Fuller, C. & Weber, R )2002(, A Comparison of Disaster Paradigm: the Search for a Holistic Policy, Public Administration Review, Vol 62, Issue 3, pp 267-281.
Klein, R.G.N & Thomalla, F(2003), Resilience to Natural Hazard: How Useful is this Concept, Environmental Hazards.
Saavedra, C. Budd, WilliamW,. Lovrich, Nicholas P,(2012), Assessing Resilience to Climate Change in US Cities, Urban Studies Research Volume 2012, Article ID 458172.
ABD, Urban Climate Change Resilience: A Synopsis, 2014, Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/publications/urban-climate-change-resilience-synopsis.
Stone, Jr., Brian Vargo, , Jason, Peng Liu, Yongtao Hu, Armistead Russell, (2013), Climate Change Adaptation Through Urban Heat Management in Atlanta, Georgia Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 7780−7786.
. Lesnikowski, A,(2014), Adaptation to Urban Heat Island Effect in Vancouver, BC: A case study in analyzing vulnerability and adaptation opportunities, a project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts (planning) , the university of british Colombia , September 2014.
Kazmierczak, A. and Carter, J. (2010) Nagoya: Adaptation to climate change driven by biodiversity conservation Adaptation to climate change using green and blue infrastructure. A database of case studies. INTERREG IVC.
Naghavi, F. (2005) Process of temperature and rainfall limit indicators, Phd thesis, Campus of Geography, University of Tehran.
Rahim Zadeh. F; Pourasgharian. H (2011) Evaluating the processes and mutations in the icons of temperature limit indicators in the Hormozgan state, Geographical development journal, Issue. 21, pp. 97-116.
Ranjbar Sadatabadi. A (2004) Heat island in Tehran and its general simulation, Journal of Earth and Space physics, Vol. 31, Issue. 63, pp. 1-78.
Marouf Nejad. A (2011) Role of the urban uses of land on the development of urban heat islands (case study: City of Ahwaz), Zagros Landscape quarterly journal of geography and urban management, Vol. 3, Issue. 10, Winter 2011.
Mehregan. H; Rohami. M. B; Khaknejad. A (2013) Analysing the environmental management of the urban heat islands, Eight international conference of architecture, urbanisation and sustainable development, with a focus on the native architecture to sustainable city, Khavaran institute of higher education, Mashad, December 26th, 2013.
Soltani Nejad. A (1997) Environmental impact of pollutant gasses left from the motor vehicles with a focus on the air quality in great Tehran area, Journal of environment, Vol. 9, issue. 4, pp. 20-25.
Ramezani. B; Dokht mohammad, M (2010) Recognizing the spatial borders regarding the development of urban heat islands in the city of Rasht, Journal of urban management and research, Vol. 1., Issue. 1, Summer 2010.
Behtash. F; Zaki Nejad, M. A; Pir Babai, M. T, Asgari, A (2013) Evaluation and analysis of the dimensions and components of the resilience in Tabriz metropolis, Journal of the fine-arts - architecture and urbanization, Vol. 18, issue. 3., Fall 2013.
