اثر شیب طولی و پلان مسیر چوبکشی و تعداد تردد اسکیدر چرخلاستیکی تاف E655 بر کوبیدگی خاک جنگل(مطالعه موردی: طرح جنگلداری دکتر بهرامنیا)
محورهای موضوعی : منابع طبیعیحسین یازرلو 1 , آیدین پارساخو 2 , هاشم حبشی 3 , سلطانعلی سلطانی نژاد 4
1 - کارشناسی ارشد، جنگلداری، دانشکده علوم جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.
2 - استادیار، جنگلداری، دانشکده علوم جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - دانشیار، جنگلشناسی و اکولوژی جنگل، دانشکده علوم جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.
4 - مربی گروه جنگلداری، دانشکده علوم جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
کلید واژه: شیب طولی, وزن مخصوص ظاهری خاک, مسیر چوبکشی, تردد اسکیدر, قوس افقی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: هدف از اجرای این تحقیق بررسی تأثیر شیب طولی و پلان مسیر چوب کشی و تعداد تردد اسکیدر چرخ لاستیکی تاف بر کوبیدگی خاک در طرح جنگل داری دکتر بهرام نیا بود. روش بررسی: ابتدا مسیرهای چوب کشی با جهت های چوب کشی رو به بالا و رو به پایین انتخاب و هر مسیر به دو بخش با تردد متوسط و شدید تقسیم شد. پلان مسیر به روش قطبی و نیم رخ طولی مسیر از طریق ترازیابی برداشت و وارد نرم افزار اتوکد گردید. مسیرهای چوب کشی از نظر پلان به دو طبقه مسیر مستقیم و قوس های افقی و از نظر شیب طولی برای مسیر رو به بالا به طبقات 15-5، 25-15 و 25< درصد و برای مسیر رو به پایین به طبقات 5-0، 15-5 و 15< درصد تفکیک شدند. به منظور اندازه گیری کوبیدگی، تخلخل و رطوبت وزنی خاک در مجموع اقدام به برداشت 228 نمونه خاک توسط استوانه فولادی در طبقات یادشده و منطقه شاهد (جنگل) شد. یافتهها: نتایج نشان داد که مقدار وزن مخصوص ظاهری خاک با افزایش شیب طولی مسیر و همچنین میزان تردد اسکیدر به طور معنی داری افزایش یافت. بیش ترین مقدار وزن مخصوص ظاهری در طبقه تردد زیاد، شیب طولی بالای 25 درصد (27/1 گرم بر سانتی متر مکعب در چوب کشی رو به بالا) و بالای 15 درصد (18/1 گرم بر سانتی متر مکعب در چوب کشی رو به پایین) و بر روی قوس به ثبت رسید. کم ترین میزان تخلخل و رطوبت وزنی خاک نیز در همین شرایط مشاهده شد. بحث و نتیجهگیری: در این تحقیق برای نخستین بار از نمایش گر سه بعدی Civil3D برای تحلیل فنی مسیرهای چوب کشی و تعیین مکان های نمونه برداری بهره گرفته شد. براساس یافته ها به منظور کاهش صدمات وارد به خاک مسیرهای چوب کشی باید حتی الامکان از ایجاد مسیرهای پر پیچ و خم، پرشیب و تردد زیاد روی آن ها پرهیز نمود.
Background and Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of longitudinal slope, skid trail plan and passes of skidder Tof E655 on forest soil compaction in Bahramnia forestry plan. Method: Initially, skid trails with upward and downward directions were selected and then classified into sections with moderate and severe traffic. Using polar and Nivelmen methods, the plan of route and longitudinal profile of route were drawn, respectively and fed into the AutoCAD software. The skid trails were divided into straight routes and horizontal curves in terms of plan and classified into 5-15, 15-25 and >25% for upward direction and 0-5, 5-15 and >15% for downward direction in terms of longitudinal slope were c. 228 samples was taken using metal cylinder for measuring soil compaction, porosity and moisture in the mentioned classes and control (forest). Findings: Findings showed that the soil bulk density increased with the increase of skidder passes and longitudinal slopes. The maximum soil bulk density was recorded for curves, severe traffic classes, and longitudinal slopes >25% (1.27 g cm-3 in upward skidding) and >15 (1.18 g cm-3 in downward skidding). The minimum soil porosity and moisture was also observed in this condition. Discussion and Conclusion: In this study, the Civil3D 3D display was used for the first time to analyze the technical properties of skid trails and to determine the sampling locations. According to the results, to reduce the damage to the soil of skid trails it is necessary to avoid constructing spiral and steep routes and sever passes through them.
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- Jourgholami, M., Majnounian, B. (2010). Traditional logging method in hyrcanian forest, impacts to forest stand and soil (case study: Kheyrud forest). Iranian Journal of Forest, 2(3): 221-229. (In Persian)
- Sakai, H., Nordfjell, T., Suadicani, K., Talbot, B., Bøllehuus, E. 2008. Soil compaction on forest soils from different kinds of tires and tracks and possibility of accurate estimate. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering, 29(1): 15-27.
- Najafi, A., Arya, H., Guilanipour, N., Rafatnia, N., Habashi, H. 2011. Comparison of the soil compaction at two longitudinal slope classes after passes of crawler skidder Zetor. Iranian Natural Ecosystem Journal, 2: 83-92.
- Solgi, A., Najafi, A. 2014. The impacts of ground-based logging equipment on forest soil. Journal of Forest science, 60(1): 28–34.
- Salehi, A., Taheri Abkenar, K., Basiri, R. 2012. Study of the recovery soil physical properties and establishment of natural regeneration in skid trails (case study: Nave Asalem forests). Iranian Journal of Forest, 3(4): 317-329. (In Persian)
- Horn, R., Vossbrink, J., Peth, S., Becker, S. 2007. Impact of modern forest vehicles on soil physical properties. Forest Ecology and Management, 248: 56-63.
- Gomez, A., Powers, R. F., Singer, M. J., and Horwath, W. R. 2002. Soil compaction effects on growth of young ponderosa pine following litter removal in California’s Sierra Nevada. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 66: 1334-1343.
- Rollerson, T. P. 1990. Influence of wide-tire skidder operations on soil. International Journal of Forest Engineering, 2(1): 23-29.
- Rab, M. A. 2004. Recovery of soil physical properties from compaction and soil profile disturbance caused by logging of native forest in Victorian Central Highlands, Australia. Forest Ecology and Management, 191: 329–340.
- Jamshidi, R., Jaeger, D., Raafatnia, N., Tabari, M. 2008. Influence of two ground-based skidding systems on soil compaction under different slope and gradient conditions. Journal of forest Engineering, 19(1): 9-16.
- Lotfalian, M., Parsakhoo, A. 2009. Investigation of forest soil disturbance caused by rubber-tired skidder traffic. International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences, 3(1): 99-104.
- 15. Shestak, C. J., Busse, M. D. 2005. Compaction alters physical but not biological indices of soil health. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 69: 236–246.
- Jourgholami, M., Majnounian, B., Zobeiri, M., Feghhi, J. 2008. Evaluation of production and costs of mule logging in down and up slopes (case study : Kheyrud Forest). Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 61(3): 625–636. (In Persian)
- USFS. 1998. USDA Forest Service Manual, FSM 2520 (Watershed Protection and Management) R-6 Supplement No. 2500-98-1, Effective August 24, 1998. 25 p.
- Naghdi, R., Bagheri, I., Akee, M., Mahdavi, A. 2007. Soil compaction caused by 450C Timber Jack wheeled skidder (Shefarood forest, northern Iran). Journal of forest science, 53(7): 314-319.
- Heydari, S. A., Naghdi, R., Nikooy, M. 2014. Evaluation of the effects of rubber tire skidder (Timber jack 450c) on soil disturbance and rutting on skid trails (Case study: Shafarood forests). 2th National conference of forest sciences students, Karaj, Tehran University, 10p.
- NRCS Soil Quality Institute. 2000. Soil quality testkit guide. United States Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service and Natural Resource Conservation Service.
- Hakansson, I., Reeder, R.C. 1994. Subsoil compaction by vehicles with high axial load extend, persistence and crop response. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 29: 277–304.
- Krag, R., Higginbotham, K., and Rothwell, R. 1986. Logging and soil disturbance in southeast British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16(6): 1345–1354.
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- Moradmand Jalali, A. 2010. Investigation of the hauling with traditional (mule) and industrial (Skidder) on forest soil. Environmental Sciences and Technology Journal, 12: 4.81-91. (In Persian)
- Jourgholami, M., Majnounian, B. (2010). Traditional logging method in hyrcanian forest, impacts to forest stand and soil (case study: Kheyrud forest). Iranian Journal of Forest, 2(3): 221-229. (In Persian)
- Sakai, H., Nordfjell, T., Suadicani, K., Talbot, B., Bøllehuus, E. 2008. Soil compaction on forest soils from different kinds of tires and tracks and possibility of accurate estimate. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering, 29(1): 15-27.
- Najafi, A., Arya, H., Guilanipour, N., Rafatnia, N., Habashi, H. 2011. Comparison of the soil compaction at two longitudinal slope classes after passes of crawler skidder Zetor. Iranian Natural Ecosystem Journal, 2: 83-92.
- Solgi, A., Najafi, A. 2014. The impacts of ground-based logging equipment on forest soil. Journal of Forest science, 60(1): 28–34.
- Salehi, A., Taheri Abkenar, K., Basiri, R. 2012. Study of the recovery soil physical properties and establishment of natural regeneration in skid trails (case study: Nave Asalem forests). Iranian Journal of Forest, 3(4): 317-329. (In Persian)
- Horn, R., Vossbrink, J., Peth, S., Becker, S. 2007. Impact of modern forest vehicles on soil physical properties. Forest Ecology and Management, 248: 56-63.
- Gomez, A., Powers, R. F., Singer, M. J., and Horwath, W. R. 2002. Soil compaction effects on growth of young ponderosa pine following litter removal in California’s Sierra Nevada. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 66: 1334-1343.
- Rollerson, T. P. 1990. Influence of wide-tire skidder operations on soil. International Journal of Forest Engineering, 2(1): 23-29.
- Rab, M. A. 2004. Recovery of soil physical properties from compaction and soil profile disturbance caused by logging of native forest in Victorian Central Highlands, Australia. Forest Ecology and Management, 191: 329–340.
- Jamshidi, R., Jaeger, D., Raafatnia, N., Tabari, M. 2008. Influence of two ground-based skidding systems on soil compaction under different slope and gradient conditions. Journal of forest Engineering, 19(1): 9-16.
- Lotfalian, M., Parsakhoo, A. 2009. Investigation of forest soil disturbance caused by rubber-tired skidder traffic. International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences, 3(1): 99-104.
- 15. Shestak, C. J., Busse, M. D. 2005. Compaction alters physical but not biological indices of soil health. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 69: 236–246.
- Jourgholami, M., Majnounian, B., Zobeiri, M., Feghhi, J. 2008. Evaluation of production and costs of mule logging in down and up slopes (case study : Kheyrud Forest). Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 61(3): 625–636. (In Persian)
- USFS. 1998. USDA Forest Service Manual, FSM 2520 (Watershed Protection and Management) R-6 Supplement No. 2500-98-1, Effective August 24, 1998. 25 p.
- Naghdi, R., Bagheri, I., Akee, M., Mahdavi, A. 2007. Soil compaction caused by 450C Timber Jack wheeled skidder (Shefarood forest, northern Iran). Journal of forest science, 53(7): 314-319.
- Heydari, S. A., Naghdi, R., Nikooy, M. 2014. Evaluation of the effects of rubber tire skidder (Timber jack 450c) on soil disturbance and rutting on skid trails (Case study: Shafarood forests). 2th National conference of forest sciences students, Karaj, Tehran University, 10p.
- NRCS Soil Quality Institute. 2000. Soil quality testkit guide. United States Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service and Natural Resource Conservation Service.
- Hakansson, I., Reeder, R.C. 1994. Subsoil compaction by vehicles with high axial load extend, persistence and crop response. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 29: 277–304.
- Krag, R., Higginbotham, K., and Rothwell, R. 1986. Logging and soil disturbance in southeast British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16(6): 1345–1354.