مطالعه سینتیک فروشویی نیکل از کاتالیست های مستعمل با اسید نیتریک
محورهای موضوعی : بازیافتسعید گیتی پور 1 , فاطمه اکبرپور سراسکانرود 2 , سعید فیروزبخت 3
1 - دانشیار گروه مهندسی محیط زیست- دانشکده محیط زیست، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
2 - دوره دکتری مهندسی محیط زیست- دانشکده محیط زیست، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
3 - دوره دکتری مهندسی محیط زیست- دانشکده محیط زیست، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.*(مسوول مکاتبات)
کلید واژه: سینتیک, فروشویی, کاتالیست مستعمل, نیکل, استخراج,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف : کاتالیست ها در صنایع مختلف از جمله پتروشیمی ها و صنعت نفت کاربرد فراوان دارد. این کاتالیست ها با گذشت زمان و پس از مصرف، قابلیت احیاء و استفاده مجدد را دارا هستند. در صورتی که احیاء و استفاده مجدد از آن امکان پذیر و اقتصادی نباشد، کاتالیست مستعمل به عنوان پسماند مطرح شده و بازیابی آن ضمن کاهش تولید پسماند از آلودگی محیط زیست جلوگیری می کند. در این مطالعه، ضمن ارزیابی اثر پارامترهای موثر بر واکنش فروشویی نیکل از کاتالیست مستعمل NiO-Al2O3 مورد استفاده در پتروشیمی رازی، سینتیک واکنش نیز بررسی شد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه اثر مثبت هر سه پارامتر زمان واکنش، دما و غلظت اسید نیتریک بر میزان استخراج نیکل از کاتالیست مستعمل مشاهده شد و مطالعه سنتیک، واکنش شیمیایی سطح ذرات را به عنوان عامل اصلی کنترل سرعت واکنش تعیین کرد. یافته ها: نتایج حاصل از XRD کاتالیست مستعمل میزان اکسید آلومینیوم را 43% و اکسید نیکل را 5/12% نشان داد و عدم واکنش اکسیدآلومینیوم با اسید نیتریک را نیز ثابت نمود. بحث و نتیجه گیری: اثر پارامترهای موثر بر فروشویی نیکل نظیر زمان واکنش (360- 60 دقیقه)، دما (°C 85°C, 35) و غلظت اسید نیتریک (30%، 20%، 10%) تعیین گردید. نتایج حاصل از استخراج نیکل نشان داد که حداکثر میزان استخراج نیکل تحت شرایط دمایی 360 دقیقه، غلظت اسید نیتریک 30% و دمای °C85 اتفاق می افتد.
Background and Objective: Most industrial synthesis and processes require catalysis. Large quantities of catalysts are used in petroleum and petrochemical industry. These catalysts deactivate over time, and when the activity of a catalyst declines below an acceptable level, the catalyst has to be regenerated and reused. However, when regeneration is not possible, the catalyst activity might decrease to very low levels, so that further regeneration might not be economically feasible. In such cases, spent catalysts tend to be discarded as solid wastes. Method: Recycling of spent catalysts has become an unavoidable task to reduce the catalyst waste and prevent the environmental pollution. The kinetics of spent nickel oxide catalyst (NiO/Al2O3) from Razi petrochemical company leaching in nitric acid solutions was investigated. The effects of time reaction (60-360 min), nitric acid concentration (10%, 20%, 30%) and temperature (35oC, 85oC) on the rate of nickel leaching were studied. In addition, the reaction residues at various levels of nickel extraction were examined by XRD. Findings: The results of XRD analysis of catalysts showed that the most important elements in the catalyst were aluminum (43%) in the form of aluminum oxide and nickel (12.15%) in the form of nickel oxide. A maximum extraction of 92% was achieved at 85oC, 30% HNO3 and 360min. Discussion and Conclusions: Time reaction, temperature and acid concentration showed positive effect. The leaching kinetics indicates that chemical reaction at the surface of the particles is the rate-controlling process during the reaction.
- Marafi, M., and Stansilaus, A. 2003. Options and processes for spent catalyst handling and utilization, Hazard Mater. 101: 123–132.
- Abdel-Aal, E.A. and Rashad, M.M. 2004. Kinetic study on the leaching of spent nickel oxide catalyst with sulfuric acid, Hydrometallurgy. 74: 189–194.
- Marafi, M. and Stanislaus, A. 2008. Spent hydroprocessing catalyst management: a review part II. Advances in metal recovery and safe disposal methods, Resource Conservation Recycle. 53: 1–26.
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- M. Arshadi, S. Yaghmaei, S.M. Mousavi. 2016. Bioleaching of Electronic Waste: A Review. Iranian Chemical Engineering Journal. 15 (85): 50-61. (In Persian)
- Abrar, B., Halali, M., Pourfathi, A. 2016. Recovery of nickel from reformer catalysts of direct reduction, using the pressurized dissolving method in nitric acid, Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research. 5:1158-1161.
- Oza, R. and Patel, S. 2012. Recovery of nickel from spent Ni/Al2O3 catalysts using acid leaching, chelation and ultrasonication, Research Journal of Recent Sciences.1: 434–443.
- Amer, A.M. 2002. Processing of Egyptian boiler ash for extraction of vanadium and nickel, Waste Management. 22: 515-520.
- Al-Mansi, N.M. and Abdel Monem, N.M. 2002. Recovery of nickel oxide from spent catalyst, Waste Management. 22: 85–90.
- Homami, A., Yuzbashi, A., Ranjbar, M., Pazouki, M. 2009. Recovery of Nickel from Spent Catalysts by Hydrometallurgical Method. University College of Engineering, 43(2):141-149. (In Persian)
- Mulak, W., Miazga, B. and Szymczycha, A. 2005. Kinetics of nickel leaching from spent catalyst in sulphuric acid solution, International Journal Mineralization Process. 77: 231–235.
- Parhi, P.K., Park, K.H. and Senanayake, G. 2013. A kinetic study on hydrochloric acid leaching of nickel from Ni–Al2O3 spent catalyst, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 19: 589–594.
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- Marafi, M., and Stansilaus, A. 2003. Options and processes for spent catalyst handling and utilization, Hazard Mater. 101: 123–132.
- Abdel-Aal, E.A. and Rashad, M.M. 2004. Kinetic study on the leaching of spent nickel oxide catalyst with sulfuric acid, Hydrometallurgy. 74: 189–194.
- Marafi, M. and Stanislaus, A. 2008. Spent hydroprocessing catalyst management: a review part II. Advances in metal recovery and safe disposal methods, Resource Conservation Recycle. 53: 1–26.
- Lee, J.Y., Rao, V., Kumar, B.N., Kang, D.J. and Reddy, B.R. 2010. Nickel recovery from spent Raney nickel catalyst through dilute sulfuric acid leaching and soda ash precipitation, Hazard Mater. 176: 1122–1125.
- M. Arshadi, S. Yaghmaei, S.M. Mousavi. 2016. Bioleaching of Electronic Waste: A Review. Iranian Chemical Engineering Journal. 15 (85): 50-61. (In Persian)
- Abrar, B., Halali, M., Pourfathi, A. 2016. Recovery of nickel from reformer catalysts of direct reduction, using the pressurized dissolving method in nitric acid, Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research. 5:1158-1161.
- Oza, R. and Patel, S. 2012. Recovery of nickel from spent Ni/Al2O3 catalysts using acid leaching, chelation and ultrasonication, Research Journal of Recent Sciences.1: 434–443.
- Amer, A.M. 2002. Processing of Egyptian boiler ash for extraction of vanadium and nickel, Waste Management. 22: 515-520.
- Al-Mansi, N.M. and Abdel Monem, N.M. 2002. Recovery of nickel oxide from spent catalyst, Waste Management. 22: 85–90.
- Homami, A., Yuzbashi, A., Ranjbar, M., Pazouki, M. 2009. Recovery of Nickel from Spent Catalysts by Hydrometallurgical Method. University College of Engineering, 43(2):141-149. (In Persian)
- Mulak, W., Miazga, B. and Szymczycha, A. 2005. Kinetics of nickel leaching from spent catalyst in sulphuric acid solution, International Journal Mineralization Process. 77: 231–235.
- Parhi, P.K., Park, K.H. and Senanayake, G. 2013. A kinetic study on hydrochloric acid leaching of nickel from Ni–Al2O3 spent catalyst, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 19: 589–594.