برآورد هزینه خسارت های وارد بر خدمات زیست بومی ناشی از معدنکاری فلزات مس، طلا، بوکسیت و آهن در ایران و تحلیل مقایسه ای آن با هزینه خسارت های جهانی
محورهای موضوعی :
اقتصاد محیط زیست
جلیل بادام فیروز
1
(دانشیار گروه علمی اقتصاد محیط زیست، پژوهشکده محیطزیست و توسعه پایدار، سازمان حفاظت محیطزیست، تهران، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات))
رویا موسی زاده
2
(استادیار گروه علمی اقتصاد محیطزیست، پژوهشکده محیطزیست و توسعه پایدار، سازمان حفاظت محیطزیست، تهران، ایران.)
حمید سرخیل
3
(دانشیار، گروه زمین شناسی کاربردی، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران.)
تاریخ دریافت : 1400/04/14
تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/06/02
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/02/01
کلید واژه:
رویکرد انتقال منفعت,
معدنکاری فلزات,
خدمات زیست بومی,
هزینه خسارات,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: معدنکاری فلزات تاثیرات منفی قابل‌توجهی بر روی اکوسیستم های طبیعی واقع در محدوده اثر سایت معدنکاری دارد. با توجه به این که پیامدهای معدنکاری فلزات بر روی خدمات زیست بومی ارائه شده توسط اکوسیستم های طبیعی که در محدوده اثر سایت های معدنکاری در کشور، تاکنون ارزیابی نشده است، هدف اصلی از مطالعه حاضر برآورد هزینه خسارت های زیست محیطی به منظور حفاظت از اکوسیستم های طبیعی است که می‌تواند تصمیم گیری برنامه ریزان محیط زیستی را بهتر تسهیل کند.
روش بررسی: در این مطالعه هزینه خسارت وارد بر خدمات زیست بومی ناشی از معدنکاری فلزات با استفاده از رویکرد انتقال منفعت برآورد گردید و تحلیل مقاسه ای از برآورد خسارت های حاصل با یافته های جهانی مربوط به هزینه های وارد شده بر خدمات زیست بومی چهار فلزمس، طلا ، بوکسیت و آهن در سال 2020 صورت پذیرفت.
یافته ها: در این بررسی مجموع هزینه خسارت های وارد بر خدمات زیست بومی ناشی از معدنکاری چهار فلزمس، طلا ، بوکسیت و آهن در مجموع بیوم های ذیربط، به طور تقریبی 57253180 میلیون ریال (معادل 248 میلیون دلار) در سال 2020 برآورد شده است، که سهم آن در مقایسه با برآورد جهانی هزینهکلخدمات زیست بومی ناشیازمعدنکاریچهار فلز طلا، سنگ معدن آهن، مس و بوکسیت ( 4/5 بیلیون دلار در سال 2016)، 6/4 درصد محاسبه شده است. سهم مجموع هزینه خسارت های خدمات زیست بومی ناشی از معدنکاری چهار فلز مذکور در اکوسیستم جنگلی به طور تقریبی86 ، در اکوسیستم مرتعی 14 و برای اکوسیستم تالابی 06/0 درصد تخمین زده شده است.
بحث و نتیجه گیری : بیشترین هزینه خسارت برای خدمات اکوسیستمی[1] به ترتیب مربوط به اکوسیستم جنگلی و مرتعی برآورد شده است. بنابراین تلاش برای ایجاد و اجرای قوانین توسعه پایدار در چرخه حیات معدنکاری حتی پس از بستن معادن به علت آثار طولانی مدت بر محیط زیست ضروری است.
1- Ecosystem Services
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Metal mining has significant negative effects on natural ecosystems within the mining site. Considering that the consequences of metal mining on ecosystem services provided by natural ecosystems within the influence of the mining sites in the country have not been evaluated so far, the main objective of this study is to estimate the cost of environmental damages in order to protect natural ecosystems which can better facilitate decision making of the environmental planners.
Material and Methodology: In this study, the cost of the damages on ecosystem services due to metal mining was estimated using the benefits transfer approach, and a comparative analysis of the estimated damages with global findings related to the ecosystem services costs of the four four metals gold, copper, bauxite, and iron ore were conducted in 2020.
Findings: In this rsearch, the total cost of damages to ecosystem services (loss of ecosystem services values) due to mining of four metals gold, copper, bauxite, and iron ore, in the total relevant biomes, is estimated at 57253180 million IRR (equivalent to the US $ 248 million) in the year (2020), which Its share is estimated at 4.6% compared to the global estimate of the total cost of ecosystem services resulting from the mining of four metals, gold, iron ore, copper and bauxite ($ 5.4 billion in
2016), which is a significant figure. The share of the total cost of ecosystem services due to mining the four metals in the forest ecosystem is approximately 86%, in the rangeland ecosystem 14%, and for the wetland ecosystem 0.06%.
Discussion and Conclusion: The highest damage costs for ES are estimated for forest and rangeland ecosystems, respectively. Therefore, it is necessary to try to create and implement sustainable development laws in the mining life cycle, even after the closure of mines due to long-term effects on the environment.
منابع و مأخذ:
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2005. Ecosystems and human well-being. Island Press Washington DC.
Li, F., Liu, X., Zhao, D., Wang, B., Jin, J., Hu, D., 2011. Evaluating and modeling ecosystem service loss of coal mining: A case study of Mentougou district of Beijing, China. Ecological Complexity, Vol. 8(2), pp 139-143.
Torkashvand, A., Ghasemi Siani, M., Tabbakh Shabani, AA. Karimi Shahraki, B., 2019. Environmental effects of mining and iron ore processing in Choreh Nab mine, Zanjan province. The Second Conference on Mining and Green Mining Industries of Iran. PP 9. (In Persian)
Farjana, S.H., Huda,N., Mahmud,M.A.P., Saidur, R., 2019. A review on the impact of mining and mineral processing industries through life cycle assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 231, pp. 1200-1217.
Omotehinse, A. O., De Tomi, G., Baninla, Y., 2019. Proactive Management of Ecosystem Services in Oil Sands Pre-mining Phase. Journal of Natural Resources Research.29,pp 1-17.
Boldy, R., Santini, T., Annandale, M., Erskine, PD., Sonter, LJ., 2021. Understanding the impacts of mining on ecosystem services through a systematic review. The Extractive Industries and Society.
Haddaway, NR., Cooke, SJ., Lesser, P., Macura, B., Nilsson, AE., Taylor, JJ., Raito, K. 2019. Evidence of the impacts of metal mining and the effectiveness of mining mitigation measures on social–ecological systems in Arctic and boreal regions: a systematic map protocol. Environmental Evidence. Vol. 8(1), pp. 1-11.
Hartman, H. L., Mutmansky, J. M., 2002. Introductory mining engineering. John Wiley & Sons.
Virgone, K., Brusseau, M.L., Ramirez-Andreotta, M., Coeurdray, M., Poupeau, F., 2014, December. Evaluating the Impact of Modern Copper Mining on Ecosystem Services in Southern Arizona. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (Vol. 2014, pp. H51G-0695).
Zarandian, A., 2020. Development of an instruction for estimating damage to the marine coasts (in the north and south of the country) resulting from oil, gas, and petrochemical refinery projects, Research Institute for Environment and Sustainable Development. Department of Environment, Iran. (In Persian)
Qian, D., Yan, C., Xiu, L., Feng, K., 2018. The impact of mining changes on surrounding lands and ecosystem service value in the Southern Slope of Qilian Mountains. Ecological complexity, 36, pp.138-148.
OECD, 2019. Global Material Resources Outlook to 2060 - Economic Drivers and Environmental Consequences.
Tost, M., Murguia, D., Hitch, M., Lutter, S., Luckeneder, S., Feiel, S., Moser, P., 2020 .Ecosystem services costs of metal mining and pressures on biomes. Journal of The Extractive Industries and Society. Vol.7(1), pp. 79-86.
Siqueira-Gay, J., Sonter, L.J., Sánchez, L.E., 2020. Exploring potential impacts of mining on forest loss and fragmentation within a biodiverse region of Brazil's northeastern Amazon. Resources Policy, Vol 67, p.101662.
Ranjan, R., 2019. Assessing the impact of mining on deforestation in India. Resources Policy, vol. 60, pp. 23-35.
Wasis, B., Saharjo, B.H., Kusumadewi, F., Utami, N.H., Putra, M.H.W., 2018. Analysis of economic valuation of environmental damage due to sand mine in Gumulung Tonggoh, Cirebon District, and West Java Province, Indonesia. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science. Vol. 3(4), pp. 360-366.
Barenblitt, A., Payton, A., Lagomasino, D., Fatoyinbo, L., Asare, K., Aidoo, K., Pigott, H., Som, CK., Smeets, L., Seidu, O., Wood, D., 2021. The large footprint of small-scale artisanal gold mining in Ghana. Science of the Total Environment. Vol. 781, pp. 146644
Murguía, D.I., Bringezu, S., Schaldach, R., 2016. Global direct pressures on biodiversity by large-scale metal mining: Spatial distribution and implications for conservation. Journal of environmental management, 180, pp.409-420.
Costanza, R., De Groot, R., Sutton, P., Van Der Ploeg, S., Anderson, S.J., Kubiszewski, I., Farber, S.,Turner, R.K., 2014. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change. Vol. 26 pp. 152-158.
Iranian Society of Consulting Engineers. 2015. Wetlands and an analysis of the causes and factors of their stability and instability. (In Persian)
Gardner, RC., Finlayson, C., 2018. Global wetland outlook: state of the World’s wetlands and their services to people. InRamsar Convention Secretariat. vol. 5, pp. 2020-5
Sayre, R., Karagulle, D., Frye, C., Boucher, T., Wolff, N.H., Breyer, S., Wright, D., Martin, M., Butler, K., Van Graafeiland, K., Touval, J., 2020. An assessment of the representation of ecosystems in global protected areas using new maps of World Climate Regions and World Ecosystems. Global Ecology and Conservation, 21, p.e00860.
Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of IRAN. 2020; Available.
from: https://rc.majlis.ir/en/content/about_islamic_parliament_research_center.
De Groot, R., Brander, l., Solomonides, S. 2020. Ecosystem Services Valuation Database (ESVD) Update of global ecosystem service valuation data. Available from: https://www.espartnership.org/esvd/.
Adiansyah , J.S., Rosano, M., Biswas,W.,Haque, N., 2017.Life cycle cost estimation and environmental valuation of coal mine tailings management. Journal of Sustainable Mining.16(3), pp. 114-125.
Amirnejad, H., Ataie Solut, K. 2011. Economic valuation of environmental resources. Avaye Masih Publications, 427 pp. (In Persian)
Figueroa, E., Pasten, R., 2011. Improving benefit transfer for wetland valuation: income adjustment and economic values of ecosystem goods and services.
Van der Ploeg, S., De Groot, R.S., Wang, Y., 2010. The TEEB Valuation Database: Overview of Structure, Data, and Results. Final Report. Wageningen, the Netherlands. Foundation for Sustainable Development.
De Groot, R., Brander, L.M., van der Ploeg, S., Costanza, R., Bernard, F., Braat, L.C., Christie, M., Crossman, N.D., Ghermandi, A., Hein, L., Hussain, S., Kumar, P., McVittie, A., Portela, R., Rodriguez, L.C., ten Brink, P., van Beukering, P., 2012. Global estimates of the value of ecosystems and their services in monetary units. Ecosystem Services. Vol. 1(1), pp. 50-61.
Brander, L., 2013. Guidance manual on value transfer methods for ecosystem services. UNEP.
Nazari, MR., 2020. Guidelines for the economic valuation of basic environmental assets. Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Iran. (In Persian)
Montazerhojat, A.H., & Mansouri, B., 2016. Economic Valuation of Environmental benefits (A Case Study: Bamdej Wetland). Quarterly Journal of Applied Economics Studies in Iran (AESI). Vol. 5(18), pp. 243-269. (In Persian)
