بررسی آزمایشگاهی و عددی قابلیت نگهداری آلاینده فلز سنگین سرب توسط نانورس کلوزایتNa+
محورهای موضوعی : آلودگی خاکمحمد امیری 1 , مرتضی دیرانلو 2
1 - استادیار گروه عمران، دانشگاه هرمزگان، دانشکده مهندسی، دپارتمان مهندسی عمران، بندرعباس *(مسوول مکاتبات).
2 - مربی گروه عمران، مجتمع آموزش عالی فنی و مهندسی اسفراین، دپارتمان مهندسی عمران، اسفراین.
کلید واژه: فلز سنگین سرب, کربنات, نانورس, معادلات قابلیت نگهداری,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: در سالهای اخیر در موضوع اندرکنش خاک و آلودگی تحقیقات وسیعی صورت گرفته، اما در زمینه فرایند اندرکنش آلایندههای فلز سنگین و نانورسها تحقیقات قابل توجهی انجام نشده است. آلاینده فلز سنگین سرب، به عنوان یکی از آلاینده های فلز سنگین متداول در پروژه های ژئوتکنیک زیست محیطی شناخته شده است. از سوی دیگر هر چند برای قابلیت نگه داری آلاینده های فلزی توسط خاک از سوی پژوهش گران معادلاتی ارایه شده است، اما در زمینه قابلیت نگه داری، نانورس ها و هم چنین تأثیر حضور کربنات بر معادلات قابلیت نگه داری مطالعه ای صورت نگرفته است. بر این اساس هدف این پژوهش مطالعه رفتار ژئوتکنیک زیست محیطی نانورس ها و نانورس های اصلاح شده با کربنات از نظر قابلیت جذب آلاینده فلز سنگین سرب و ارایه معادلاتی برای قابلیت نگه داری آلاینده ها بوده است. روش بررسی: برای دست یابی به هدف مذکور، با انجام یک سری آزمایش های ژئوتکنیک زیست محیطی، ساز و کار نگه داری آلاینده فلز سرب توسط بررسی تغییرات pH، قابلیت نگه داری آلاینده و ارزیابی پراش اشعه ایکس (XRD) مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته است. هم چنین با ارایه یک سری معادلات خطی و غیر خطی به بررسی قابلیت نگه داری آلاینده فلز سنگین سرب توسط نانورس کلوزایتNa+ با تغییر pH محیط و نیز تغییر میزان کربنات نمونه پرداخته شده است. یافته ها: نتایج تحقیق حاضر بیان گر آن است که میزان کربنات یک عامل تأثیر گذار بر قابلیت نگه داری است و این پارامتر باید در معادلات عددی ظاهر شود. هم چنین حضور پارامتر تغییر pH در معادلات موجب افزایش ضریب هم بستگی در معادلات ارایه شده می شود. بحث و نتیجه گیری: معادلات عددی ارایه شده می توانند جایگزین مناسبی برای روش های آزمایشگاهی باشند و در طراحی مراکز دفن زباله مورد استفاده قرار گیرند. .
Background and Objective: In spite of the numerous studies published on soil-pollutant interaction in recent years, no considerable research has been conducted on the interaction between heavy metal pollutants and nanoclays. Lead is a common heavy metal pollutant in geotechnical and environmental projects. Moreover, although researchers have introduced equations for retention of metal pollutants in soils, no research has been conducted on heavy metal retention capability of nanoclays and the effect of carbonate on equations related to retention capability. Therefore, this study intended to examine the geotechnical-environmental behavior of nanoclays and carbonate-modified nanoclays in terms of capability to adsorb the heavy metal pollutant lead and to propose equations for pollutant retention by nanoclays. Method: To achieve this objective a series of environmental and geotechnical experiments were conducted to analyze the mechanism of retaining the heavy metal pollutant lead by examining pH variations, capability of pollutant retention, and through evaluating X-ray diffraction (XRD). Moreover, a series of linear and non-linear equations was used to study the capability of nanoclay Cloisite Na+ in retaining the heavy metal pollutant lead at various ambient pH values and different carbonate contents of the specimens. Findings: Results showed that carbonate content was an effective factor in pollutant retention and had to be included in the numerical equations. Inclusion of the pH variation parameter in the equations increased the correlation coefficient in the proposed equations. Discussion and Counclusion: The proposed numerical equations can be a proper substitute for laboratory methods, and also can be used in designing landfill sites.
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- Lines, M. G., (2008), "Nanomaterials for practical functional uses", Journal of Alloys and Compounds 449, pp 242–245.
- Ouhadi, V., Amiri, M., Diranlou, M. (2017). "Morphological and Microstructural Study of Heavy Metal Contaminant Retention in Dispersive Soils." Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19(4), pp 101-113.
- Yong, R. N. and Phadangchewit, Y., (1993). "pH Influence on Selectivity and Retention of Heavy Metals in Some Clay Soils," Can. Geotech. J., 30, pp 821-833.
- Krishna B. G., Gupta, S. S., (2008), "Adsorption of a few heavy metals on natural and modified kaolinite and montmorillonite: A review", Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 140, pp 114–131.
- Ouhadi, V.R., and Amiri, M., (2011), "Geo-environmental Behaviour of Nanoclays in Interaction with Heavy Metals Contaminant", Amirkabir J, Civil, 42, 3, pp. 29-36.
- Ouhadi, V., Amiri, M. (2014). "Interaction of Nano-Clays and Cu Contaminant in Geo-Environmental Projects". Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(1), pp. 78-87.
- Günseli ozdemir, Saadet Yapar., (2009)"Adsorption and desorption behavior of copper ions on Na-montmorillonite: Effect of rhamnolipids and pH"Journal of Hazardous Materials, pp 1307- 1313.
- Sabry, M., Christos, D., Jörg, R., (2013), "A review of the distribution coefficients of trace elements in soils: Influence of sorption system, element characteristics, and soil colloidal properties", Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 202, pp 43–56.
- Stadler, M., and P.W. Schindler. (1993). "The effect of dissolved ligands upon the sorption of Cu (II) by Ca-montmorillonite". Clays Clay Min. 41, pp 680–692.
- Siantar, D.P., B.A. Feinberg, and J.J. Fripiat. (1994). "Interaction between organic and inorganic pollulants in the clay interlayer". Clays Clay Min. 42, pp 187–196.
- Brigatti, M.F., G. Campana, L. Medici, and L. Poppi. 1996. "The influence of layer-charge on Zn2+ and Pb2+ sorption by smectites". Clays Clay Min. 31, pp 477–483.
- Anđelka, B., Ksenija, R., Nikola, S.,Milena, S., Zvezdana, D., Sandra, V., Ljiljana, L., (2015), " Simultaneous removal of Pb2 +, Cu2 +, Zn2 + and Cd2 + from highly acidic solutions using mechanochemically synthesized montmorillonite–kaolinite/TiO2 composite " Applied Clay Science, 103, pp 20–27.
- Ghorbel-Abid, I., Trabelsi-Ayadi, M., (2015). "Competitive adsorption of heavy metals on local landfill clay ". Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 8 (1), pp 25–31.
- Luckham, P. F., Rossi, S., (1999) "The colloidal and rheological properties of bentonite suspensions", Adv. Colloids Interface Sci. 82, pp 43-92.
- Günister, E., İşçi, S., Alemdar, A., Güngör, N., (2004), "The modification of rheologic properties of clays with. PVA effect", Mater. Sci. 27, pp 101–106.
- Sevim, İ., Seniha, F. G., (2005), "Investigation of rheological and colloidal properties of bentonitic clay dispersion in the presence of a cationic surfactant", Progress in Organic Coatings. 54 (1), pp 28-33.
- American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM, 1992 American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, P.A., Philadelphia, Vol. 4.08, 1992.
- EPA, (2000); Process design manual, land application of municipal sludge, Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, EPA-625/1-83-016, U.S. Government Printing Offices, New York.
- Yong, R. N., (2000), "Geoenvironmental engineering, contaminated soils, pollutant fate and mitigation", p. 362.
- Yong, R. N., Galvez-Cloutier, R., Phadangchewit, Y., (1993). "Selective sequential extraction analysis of heavy metal retention in soils." Can. Geotech. J., 30: pp 834-847.
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- Bradbury, M. H, Baeyens; B., (2009). "Sorption modelling on illite Part I: Titration measurements and the sorption of Ni, Co, Eu and Sn", Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, pp 990–1003.
- Ouhadi, V. R., Amiri, M., and Goodarzi, A.R., (2012), "The Special Potential of Nano-Clays for Heavy Metal Contaminant Retention in Geo-Environmental Projects", Journal of Civil and Surveying Engineering, Vol. 45, pp. 631-642.
- Lines, M. G., (2008), "Nanomaterials for practical functional uses", Journal of Alloys and Compounds 449, pp 242–245.
- Ouhadi, V., Amiri, M., Diranlou, M. (2017). "Morphological and Microstructural Study of Heavy Metal Contaminant Retention in Dispersive Soils." Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19(4), pp 101-113.
- Yong, R. N. and Phadangchewit, Y., (1993). "pH Influence on Selectivity and Retention of Heavy Metals in Some Clay Soils," Can. Geotech. J., 30, pp 821-833.
- Krishna B. G., Gupta, S. S., (2008), "Adsorption of a few heavy metals on natural and modified kaolinite and montmorillonite: A review", Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 140, pp 114–131.
- Ouhadi, V.R., and Amiri, M., (2011), "Geo-environmental Behaviour of Nanoclays in Interaction with Heavy Metals Contaminant", Amirkabir J, Civil, 42, 3, pp. 29-36.
- Ouhadi, V., Amiri, M. (2014). "Interaction of Nano-Clays and Cu Contaminant in Geo-Environmental Projects". Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(1), pp. 78-87.
- Günseli ozdemir, Saadet Yapar., (2009)"Adsorption and desorption behavior of copper ions on Na-montmorillonite: Effect of rhamnolipids and pH"Journal of Hazardous Materials, pp 1307- 1313.
- Sabry, M., Christos, D., Jörg, R., (2013), "A review of the distribution coefficients of trace elements in soils: Influence of sorption system, element characteristics, and soil colloidal properties", Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 202, pp 43–56.
- Stadler, M., and P.W. Schindler. (1993). "The effect of dissolved ligands upon the sorption of Cu (II) by Ca-montmorillonite". Clays Clay Min. 41, pp 680–692.
- Siantar, D.P., B.A. Feinberg, and J.J. Fripiat. (1994). "Interaction between organic and inorganic pollulants in the clay interlayer". Clays Clay Min. 42, pp 187–196.
- Brigatti, M.F., G. Campana, L. Medici, and L. Poppi. 1996. "The influence of layer-charge on Zn2+ and Pb2+ sorption by smectites". Clays Clay Min. 31, pp 477–483.
- Anđelka, B., Ksenija, R., Nikola, S.,Milena, S., Zvezdana, D., Sandra, V., Ljiljana, L., (2015), " Simultaneous removal of Pb2 +, Cu2 +, Zn2 + and Cd2 + from highly acidic solutions using mechanochemically synthesized montmorillonite–kaolinite/TiO2 composite " Applied Clay Science, 103, pp 20–27.
- Ghorbel-Abid, I., Trabelsi-Ayadi, M., (2015). "Competitive adsorption of heavy metals on local landfill clay ". Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 8 (1), pp 25–31.
- Luckham, P. F., Rossi, S., (1999) "The colloidal and rheological properties of bentonite suspensions", Adv. Colloids Interface Sci. 82, pp 43-92.
- Günister, E., İşçi, S., Alemdar, A., Güngör, N., (2004), "The modification of rheologic properties of clays with. PVA effect", Mater. Sci. 27, pp 101–106.
- Sevim, İ., Seniha, F. G., (2005), "Investigation of rheological and colloidal properties of bentonitic clay dispersion in the presence of a cationic surfactant", Progress in Organic Coatings. 54 (1), pp 28-33.
- American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM, 1992 American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, P.A., Philadelphia, Vol. 4.08, 1992.
- EPA, (2000); Process design manual, land application of municipal sludge, Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, EPA-625/1-83-016, U.S. Government Printing Offices, New York.
- Yong, R. N., (2000), "Geoenvironmental engineering, contaminated soils, pollutant fate and mitigation", p. 362.
- Yong, R. N., Galvez-Cloutier, R., Phadangchewit, Y., (1993). "Selective sequential extraction analysis of heavy metal retention in soils." Can. Geotech. J., 30: pp 834-847.