ارزیابی استفاده از پوشش‌های فیزیکی در کاهش تبخیر از سطح مخازن کوچک آب در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت منابع آبفاطمه هوشمندزاده 1 , محمد رضا یزدانی 2 , سید فرهاد موسوی 3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت و کنترل بیابان، دانشکده کویرشناسی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران.
2 - دانشیار دانشکده کویر شناسی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران.
3 - استاد دانشکده عمران، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران.
کلید واژه: توپ پلاستیکی, سمنان, توری سایبان, تلفات آب, تشت تبخیر کلرادو,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: کمبود منابع آب در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک مانند کشور ما و حجم بالای تلفات آب از طریق تبخیر موجب شده است تا اهمیت روش های مناسب و کاربردی به منظور کاهش تبخیر از مخازن آب، روز به روز بیش از پیش مشخص گردد. آب از جمله ضروری‌ترین نیازهای بشر است. تبخیر یکی از مهم‌ترین پدیده‌های اقلیمی در اتلاف آب دریاچه‌ها و مخازن روباز محسوب می گردد. روش‌های کاهش تبخیر با توجه به شرایط منطقه‌ای، توجیه اقتصادی و مسائل زیست محیطی، متفاوتند. از طرفی، پژوهش‌های انجام شده در کشور ایران در زمینه کاهش و کنترل تبخیر از مخازن آب محدود است. لذا، پژوهش حاضر با هدف استفاده از روش‌های جدید، اقتصادی، متناسب با شرایط اقلیمی و قابل دسترس برای کاهش تبخیر از مخازن آب، و به‌خصوص مخازن آب کشاورزی، در منطقه سمنان انجام شد.روش پژوهش: در این پژوهش، کارایی شش پوشش فیزیکی (توپ‌های پلاستیکی سفید، بطری‌های خالی، بطری های پر از کاه و کلش، توری سایبان سبز با تراکم 50%، توری سایبان سبز با تراکم 80% و توری سایبان سفید با تراکم 50%) بعد از آماده سازی روی تشت‌های تبخیر کلرادو، برای چهار دوره تقریباً 30 روزه در فصول پائیز و زمستان 1398 و بهار و تابستان 1400، ارزیابی شد. اندازه‌گیری‌ها به صورت روزانه، در ساعت 10:30 در شش ماهه اول سال 1398 و ساعت 9:30 در شش ماهه دوم سال1400 انجام شد. لازم به ذکر است که دمای آب نیز با استفاده از دماسنج الکلی هم‌زمان با قرائت سطح آب اندازه‌گیری شد.یافته‌ها: بر اساس نتایج اندازه‌گیری‌ها، میزان تبخیر از تیمارهای توپ‌های پلاستیکی سفید، بطری‌های خالی، بطری‌های حاوی کاه و کلش، توری سایبان سبز با تراکم 50%، توری سایبان سبز با تراکم 80%، توری سایبان سفید با تراکم 50% و شاهد به ترتیب برابر با 259، 320، 213، 277، 369، 283 و 754 میلی‌متر در چهار دوره مورد بررسی بود که به وضوح کاهش چشم‌گیر تبخیر پوشش های ششگانه به مقدار 66، 58، 72، 63، 52 و 61 درصد نسبت به تیمار شاهد را نشان می-دهد.نتایج: به طور کلی، با توجه به کارایی تمامی تیمارهای این پژوهش و کاربرد این پوشش‌ها با در نظر گرفتن شرایط اقتصادی، اجتماعی و امکان‌پذیر بودن اجرا، به منظور کاهش تبخیر از مخازن روباز آب، به‌خصوص استخرهای ذخیره آب کشاورزی، کارآمد و مناسب ارزیابی می‌شود. به‌طورکلی از بین روش‌های مورد استفاده بیشترین کارایی مربوطه به بطری پر شده با کاه و کلش و پس از آن نیز تیمارهای توپ پلاستیکی و توری سایبان سبز با تراکم 80 مناسبترین روش‌ها ارزیابی شدند.
Background and Aim: The lack of water resources in arid and semi-arid regions like our country and the high volume of water losses through evaporation have made the importance of appropriate and practical methods to reduce evaporation from water reservoirs to be more and more clear day by day. Water is one of the most essential human needs. Evaporation is one of the climatic phenomenon in lakes and open space water loss. Different types of decreasing evaporation varied according to regional and economic conditions and environmental issues. On the other hand, in Iran the research conducted regarding reducing and controlling evaporation from water reservoirs is limited. Therefore, the current research is carried out with the aim of using new, economic, and appropriate to climatic conditions and accessible methods to reduce evaporation from water reservoirs, especially agricultural water reservoirs, in the Semnan region.Method: The efficiency of 6 physical covers (white plastic balls, empty bottles, bottles filled with straw and stubble, green canopy net with 50% density, green canopy net with 80% density, and white canopy net with 50% density), after preparation on the sunken Colorado evaporation pans, is evaluated in four periods of about 30 days in fall 2018 and winter of 2019 and spring and summer of 2021. Measuring the amount of evaporation from pans during 4 periods of approximately 30 days in different seasons of the year are done daily at 10:30 in autumn and winter and at 9:30 in spring and summer. It should be noted that the water temperature is also measured using an alcohol thermometer at the same time as the water level reading.Results: Based on the results of measurements, the rate of evaporation from the treatments of white plastic balls, empty bottles, bottles containing straw and stubble, green canopy net with 50% density, green canopy net with 80% density, canopy net White with a density of 50% and the control is equal to 259, 320, 213, 277, 369, 283 and 754 mm, respectively in four periods, which clearly shows a significant reduction in the evaporation of the applying six covers to the amount of 66, 58, 72, 63, 52 and 61 percent compared to the control treatment.Conclusion: In general, according to the efficiency of all the treatments in this research and the application of these covers, taking into account the economic, social conditions and the feasibility of implementation, in order to reduce evaporation from open water reservoirs, especially agricultural water storage pools, it is evaluated as efficient and suitable. Generally, among the methods used, the most efficient related to the bottle filled with straw and stubble, followed by plastic ball treatments and green canopy netting with a density of 80 are evaluated as the most appropriate methods.
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