رابطه‌ بُعدهای فرکتالی آبراهه با خصوصیات مورفومتری حوضه

محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت آب در مزرعه با هدف بهبود شاخص های مدیریتی آبیاری

سپیده مفیدی ¹ , ابوالفضل معینی ² , علی محمدی ترکاشوند ³ , ابراهیم پذیرا ⁴ , حسن احمدی ⁵

1 - دانشجوی دکتری فیزیک و حفاظت خاک، گروه خاکشناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
2 - استادیار، گروه جنگل، مرتع و آبخیزداری، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
3 - دانشیار گروه خاکشناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران‌‌.
4 - استاد گروه خاکشناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
5 - استاد گروه جنگل، مرتع و آبخیزداری، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.

تاریخ دریافت : 1399/07/23 تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/10/10 تاریخ انتشار : 1401/02/01

کلید واژه: شبکه زهکشی, هندسه فرکتالی, استراهلر, ضریب شکل, نسبت انشعاب,

چکیده مقاله :

زمینه و هدف: رفتار رودخانه، از دو دسته عوامل طبیعی و عوامل انسانی تأثیر می‌پذیرد. عوامل طبیعی مانند وقوع سیل، فرسایش خاک، حرکت توده‌ای و عوامل انسانی مانند ساخت‌و‌ساز تأسیسات، تغییر کاربری اراضی و برداشت شن و ماسه از بستر، نقش اساسی در رفتار و تشدید تغییرات رودخانه دارد. خطرات جدی و جبران‌ناپذیری که جابه‌جایی‌ها و تغییرات رودخانه‌ها ممکن است به دنبال داشته باشد، ضرورت بررسی مورفولوژی آن را در مرحله مطالعات، قبل از هر گونه اقدامی نمایان می‌سازد. شبکه آبراهه‌ها پیوسته مکان خود را براساس زمان، عوامل محیطی و دخالت بشر تغییر می‌دهند. مطالعه تغییرات آبراهه‌ها به‌منظور ارائه راه‌کارهای مدیریتی برای حفاظت خاک از اهمیت بسزائی برخوردار است. یکی از روش‌های نوین در این رابطه، استفاده از هندسه فرکتال می‌باشد. هدف از این پژوهش، محاسبه بُعدهای فرکتالی آبراهه و بررسی رابطه آن با خصوصیات مورفومتری حوضه بود.روش پژوهش:بدین منظور نقشه توپوگرافی حوضه مزداران شهرستان فیروزکوه استان تهران تهیه و با استفاده از نرم‌افزار ARC GIS 10.3 نقشه آبراهه‌ها تهیه و خصوصیات مورفومتری حوضه تعیین گردید. سپس سه بُعد فرکتالی شبکه زهکشی (انشعاب آبراهه)، تراکم زهکشی و مساحت حوضه محاسبه شد. در نهایت با وارد کردن داده‎ های به‌دست آمده از محاسبات در نرم‎افزارهای SPSS 18 و Curve Expert روابط خصوصیات مورفومتری حوضه با ابعاد فرکتالی بررسی گردید.یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد کم ترین و بیش‌ترین بُعد فرکتالی نسبت انشعاب 25/0 و 99/2، بُعد فرکتالی تراکم زهکشی 19/0 و 34/2 و بُعد فرکتالی مساحت 76/0 و 60/2 می‌باشد. میزان بُعد فرکتالی نسبت انشعاب، بُعد فرکتالی تراکم زهکشی و بُعد فرکتالی مساحت کل حوضه به ترتیب برابر 84/1، 71/0 و 46/1 به دست آمد. رابطه بین بُعد فرکتالی نسبت انشعاب با مساحت زیرحوضه‌ها با ضریب تببین‌ 90/0، معکوس و رابطه بین بُعد فرکتالی تراکم زهکشی با مساحت و بُعد فرکتالی مساحت با مساحت زیرحوضه‌ها به ترتیب با ضریب تببین 88/0 و 87/0، مستقیم می‌باشد. هرچه حوضه کشیده‌تر و ضریب شکل، گردی و کشیدگی کوچک تری داشته باشد، بُعد انشعاب کوچک تری خواهد داشت. بُعد فرکتالی مساحت با ضریب فشردگی، ضریب کشیدگی، ضریب شکل، نسبت انشعاب، عرض مستطیل معادل و طول مستطیل معادل رابطه مستقیم و با سایر متغیرها رابطه معکوس دارد. براین اساس هرچه حوضه کشیده‌تر باشد و ضریب شکل و کشیدگی کوچکتری داشته باشد، بُعد مساحت کوچکتری خواهد داشت. بُعد فرکتالی تراکم زهکشی با ضریب گردی، ضریب فشردگی، ضریب کشیدگی، ضریب شکل، نسبت مساحت، نسبت انشعاب، عرض مستطیل معادل و طول مستطیل معادل رابطه مستقیم و با سایر متغیرها رابطه معکوس دارد. بنابراین با گردتر شدن حوضه، بُعد فرکتالی تراکم زهکشی افزایش می‌یابد.نتایج: باتوجه به ضریب تبیین مدل‌های به‌دست آمده برای رابطه ابعاد فرکتالی و خصوصیات مورفومتری، می‌توان ابعاد فرکتالی مورد بررسی را با استفاده از خصوصیات مورفومتری به راحتی محاسبه و به تحلیل آن‌ها پرداخت . با توجه به اهمیت خصوصیات آبراهه در مدیریت حوزه‌های آبخیز از نظر سیل، فرسایش و حفاظت خاک، می‌توان از مدل‌های فرکتالی جهت تصمیم‌گیری سریع‌ و دقیق‌تر برای مدیریت آبراهه‌ها استفاده کرد. در آخر با توجه به اینکه استفاده از هندسه فرکتالی روشی نوین در بررسی خصوصیات شبکه آبراهه‌ها می‌باشد پیشنهاد می‌شود در مناطق مختلف با شرایط مورفومتری متفاوت‌تر، حوضه‌ها مورد تحلیل فرکتالی قرار گیرند

چکیده انگلیسی:

Background and Aim: River behavior is affected by two categories of natural, and human factors. Natural factors such as floods, soil erosion, mass movement and human factors such as facility construction, land-use change, and sand removal from the bed, play a key role in the behavior and intensification of river changes. The serious and irreparable dangers that may be posed by river movements and changes indicate the need to study its morphology in the study phase before any action is taken. The network of streams continuously changes its location based on time, environmental factors and human interventions. It is very important to study the stream changes to provide the should be omitted management solutions for the should be omitted soil conservation. One of the new methods in this regard is to use the should be omitted fractal geometry. The purpose of this study was to calculate the fractal dimensions of the stream and to investigate its relationship with the morphometric characteristics of the basinMethod: To do this, a should be added topographic map of the should be added basin in Firouzkouh, Tehran province was prepared. The map of the streams was prepared and the morphometric characteristics of the basin were determined by using the ARC GIS 10.3 software. Then, three fractal dimensions of the should be added drainage network (stream branch), drainage density, and basin area were calculated. Finally, the morphometric characteristics of the basin associated with the fractal dimensions were investigated by entering the data obtained from the calculations in the SPSS 18 and Curve Expert software Results: The results showed that the minimum and maximum fractal dimensions of the bifurcation ratio were 0.25 and 2.99, of should be omitted the drainage density was 0.19 and 2.34, and of should be omitted the area was 0.76 and 2.60. The fractal dimension of the should be added, the should be added dimension of drainage density, and the should be added fractal dimension of the should be added total area of the basin were 1.84, 0.71, and 1.46, respectively. The fractal dimension of the should be added ratio and the sub-basin area were inversely related with the determination coefficient of 0.90, and the fractal dimension of drainage density and the area and the fractal dimension of an should be added area with the sub-basin area was directly related with the determination coefficients of 0.88, and 0.87, respectively. The more elongated the basin and the lower the form, roundness, and elongation factors, the smaller the bifurcation dimension. the fractal dimension of the area is directly related to the compactness factor, elongation factor, form factor, bifurcation ratio, equivalent rectangle width, and equivalent rectangular length, and is inversely related to other variables. Based on the results, the more elongated the basin and the smaller the form, and elongation factors, the lower the area dimension. The fractal dimension of drainage density is directly associated with the circularity factor, compactness factor, elongation factor, form factor, area ratio, bifurcation ratio, equivalent rectangle width and equivalent rectangular length, and is inversely associated with other variables. Therefore, as the basin becomes more circular, the fractal dimension of the drainage density is increased. Therefore, the fractal dimension of drainage density is increased then as the basin becomes more roundedConclusion: According to the coefficient of explanation of the obtained models for the relationship between fractal dimensions, and morphometric properties, the studied fractal dimensions can be easily calculated and analyzed using morphometric properties. Due to the importance of stream characteristics in the management of watersheds in terms of flood, erosion, and soil conservation, the fractal models can be used to make quick and accurate decisions for the should be omitted management. Finally, considering that the use of fractal geometry is a new method in studying the characteristics of waterway networks, it is suggested that basins be analyzed fractally in different regions with different morphometric conditions.

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