تبیین تأثیر سرمایه انسانی و سرمایه اجتماعی بر قصد کارآفرینانه با در نظر گرفتن نقش تعدیل‌گری سبک شناختی (مورد مطالعه: دانشگاه تهران)
محورهای موضوعی :
مطالعات توسعه اجتماعی ایران
عباسعلی رستگار
1
(دانشیار، دانشکده اقتصاد، مدیریت و علوم اداری، دانشگاه سمنان، ایران)
مطهره حسن‌پور امیری
2
(دانشجوی دکتری، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه آزاد قزوین، ایران)
مرتضی اکبرزاده صفوئی
3
(کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده اقتصاد، مدیریت و علوم اداری، دانشگاه سمنان، ایران)
تاریخ دریافت : 1397/03/01
تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/03/01
تاریخ انتشار : 1397/03/01
کلید واژه:
سرمایة انسانی,
سرمایة اجتماعی,
سبک شناختی,
قصد کارآفرینانه,
چکیده مقاله :
در جامعه ایران امروز، موانع کارآفرینان صرف‌نظر از عوامل سیاسی، اقتصادی، حقوقی و مدیریتی به دلایل انسانی اجتماعی از جمله نادیده گرفتن روابط و پیوندهای اجتماعی و سرمایه انسانی به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین دارایی یک سازمان نیز است. از این‌رو پژوهش حاضر به بررسی تأثیر سرمایه انسانی و اجتماعی به‌عنوان یکی از اشکال سرمایه‌های طبقه‌بندی شده توسط بانک جهانی، بر قصد کارآفرینی به عنوان یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل مؤثر در راه‌اندازی یک کسب‌وکار جدید و کارآفرینانه و با در نظر گرفتن نقش تعدیل‌گری سبک شناختی می‌پردازد. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر دانشجویان سال چهارم مقطع کارشناسی و سال دوم مقطع کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه تهران در سال تحصیلی 1393-92 بودند، چرا که این دانشچویان به‌طور بالقوه در آستانه شروع یک کسب‌وکار جدید و کارآفرینانه هستند و همچنین، به‌دلیل حضور چند سالۀ آن‌ها در دانشگاه می‌توان تأثیر حضور در محیط دانشگاه بر نظرها و ترجیحات آن‌ها را به خوبی استخراج کرد. بدین منظور بر اساس جدول مورگان 367 پرسشنامه با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی طبقه‌ای از این جامعه جمع‌آوری شد. به منظور سنجش روایی پرسشنامه پژوهش از تحلیل عاملی تأییدی و جهت تعیین پایایی از آلفای کرونباخ استفاده شد. فرضیه‌های پژوهش به کمک آزمون مدلیابی معادلات ساختاری مورد بررسی واقع شدند. مطابق نتایج به‌دست آمده تأثیر مثبت و معنادار سرمایه انسانی بر قصد کارآفرینی مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. حال‌آنکه تأثیر سرمایه اجتماعی بر قصد کارآفرینی فقط در مورد افرادی با سبک شناختی احساسی تأیید شد. در نهایت، نقش تعدیل‌گری سبک شناختی در ارتباط بین سرمایه اجتماعی و قصد کارآفرینانه مورد تأیید قرار گرفت.
چکیده انگلیسی:
In Iran's today's society, entrepreneurs’ barriers are due to humanistic and social problems such as ignoring social relationships and human capitals which are considered as the most important invests of the organization. So this research investigates the effect of human and social capital as one the categorized barriers introduced by World Bank on entrepreneurial intention as one of the most effective factors in launching a new business with the moderator variable of cognitive method. The participants are the MA and MS senior Students at Tehran University during the years 92 and 93. Since these students are potentially on the sill of starting a new and entrepreneurial business and as well, because of their existence of several years in college, the impact of the presence in the university environment is easily extracted from their comments and preferences. For this specific purpose, based on Morgan's table, 367 questionnaires collected using stratified random sampling in the community. Validity and the reliability of the research were measured by factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha respectively. The hypothesis was examined by the use of structural equation. Results showed that human capital has a positive effect on entrepreneurial intention. But social capital has this effect just in those who had emotional cognitive method. Finally, the moderating effect of cognitive method, between social capital and entrepreneurial intention has been confirmed.
منابع و مأخذ:
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1999). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Alan, K. M. A., Altman, Y., & Roussel, J. (2008). Employee Training Needs and Perceived Value of Training in the Pearl River Delta of China: A Human Capital Development Approach. Journal of European Industrial Training, 32(1), 19-31.
Allinson, C. W, Chell, E., & Hayes, J. (2000). Intuition and entrepreneurial behavior. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(1), 31–43.
Allinson, C., & Hayes, J. (2012). The Cognitive Style Index. United Kingdom.
Ardichvili, A., Cardozo, R., & Ray, S. (2003). A Theory of Entrepreneurial Opportunity Identification and Development. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(1), 105-123.
Armstrong, S. J. & Hird, A. (2009). Cognitive style and entrepreneurial drive of new and mature business owner managers. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24(4), 419-430.
Barral, M. R. M., Ribeiro, F. G., & Canever, M. D. (2018). Influence of the university environment in the entrepreneurial intention in public and private universities. RAUSP Management Journal, 53(1), 122-133.
Bhagavatula, S., Elfring, T., Tilburg, A. V., & Gerhard G. V. B. (2010). How Social and Human Capital Influence Opportunity Recognition and Resource Mobilization in India's Handloom Industry. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(3), 245-260.
Bird, B. (1988). Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intentions. Academy of Management Review, 13, 442-454.
Brigham, K. H., Sorenson, R., & De Castro, J. O. (2004). Matching owner-managers' cognitive style and organizational demands in family firms. Instituto de Empresa Business School, Madrid, Spain. Working Paper No. WP04-09.
Brush, C., Ali, A., Kelley, D., & Greene, P. (2017). The influence of human capital factors and context on women's entrepreneurship: Which matters more? Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 8, 105-113.
Carless, S. (2005). Person-job fit versus person-organization fit as predictors of organizational attraction and job acceptance intentions: a longitudinal study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 411-29.
Chen, M-H., Chang, Y-Y., & Lo. Y-H. (2015). Creativity cognitive style, conflict, and career success for creative entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Research, 68(4), 906-910.
Chin, W. W. (1998). Issues and opinion on structural equation modeling. MIS Quarterly, 22(1), 36-49.
Douglas, E. J. (2013). Reconstructing entrepreneurial intentions to identify predisposition for growth. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(5), 633-651.
Dutta, N., & Sobel, R. S. (2018). Entrepreneurship and human capital: The role of financial development. International Review of Economics & Finance, in press, corrected proof, DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2018.01.020.
Estrin, S., Mickiewicz, T., & Stephan, U. (2016). Human capital in social and commercial entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 31(4), 449-467.
García-Villaverde, P. M., Rodrigo-Alarcón, J., Parra-Requena, G., & Ruiz-Ortega, M. J. (2018). Technological dynamism and entrepreneurial orientation: The heterogeneous effects of social capital. Journal of Business Research, 83, 51-64.
Gartner, W. (1989). Some Suggestions for Research on Entrepreneurial Traits and Characteristics. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. 14(1), 27-37.
Goethner, M., Obschonka, M., Silbereisen, R. K., & Cantner U. (2012). Scientists’ transition to academic entrepreneurship: Economic and psychological determinants. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(3), 628-641.
Haji Karimi, A., & FArhian, M (2009). Human, Social and Emotional Capital Management with Effective Approach to Career Success an empirical study in Mellat bank. Journal of Public Administrative, 1(1), 51-66. [Persian].
Hamidizadeh, A., Kouchakzadeh, Z., & Hajkarimi, F (2017). Studying Effect of Social Capital on Organizational Innovation with Mediating Role of Dual Knowledge Management Strategies. Social Capital Management, 1(4), 75-94. [Persian].
Hanifan, L. J. (1916). The rural school community center. Annales of American Academy of political and social science, 67, 130-138.
Hindle, K., Klyver, K., Jennings, D. F. (2009). An informed intent model: Incorporating human capital, social capital, and gender variables into the theoretical model of entrepreneurial intentions. In A. L. Carsrud & M. Brännback (Eds.), Understanding the Entrepreneurial Mind: Opening the Black Box (pp. 35-50). New York.
Jafari Moghadam, S., Zali, M., & Jalilzadeh, M (2013). Student Entrepreneurial Inhibitory Factors: Studied by Tehran University. Journal of New Economy and Trade, 25: 27-51. [Persian].
Kim, K. H. (1998). An analysis of optimum number of response categories for Korean consumers. Journal of Korean Academic Marketing Science, 1, 61–86.
Krueger, N. (2009). Entrepreneurial Intentions are dead: Long Live Entrepreneurial Intentions. International Studies in Entrepreneurship, 24, 51-72.
Krueger, N. F. Jr., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15, 411- 432.
Liu, C-H., & Lee, T. (2015). Promoting entrepreneurial orientation through the accumulation of social capital, and knowledge management. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 46, 138-150.
Maribel, G., Rialp, G., & Urbano, D. (2008). The İmpact of Desirability and Feasibility on Entrepreneurial İntentions: A Structural Equation Model. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4, 35–50.
Meijerink, J., & Bondarouk, T. (2018). Uncovering configurations of HRM service provider intellectual capital and worker human capital for creating high HRM service value using fsQCA. Journal of Business Research, 82, 31-45.
Messicks, S. (1976). Personality consistencies in cognition and creativity. In Messick, S. and associates (Eds), Individualig in Learning. San Francisco, Cal.: Jossey-Bass, 4-22.
Mezirow, J. (1991). Transformative dimensions of adult learning, San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Mohamed Salman, D. (2016). What is the role of public policies to robust international entrepreneurial activities on economic growth? Evidence from cross countries study. Future Business Journal, 2(1), 1-14.
Montezeri, M., Pasandi, N., & AlirezaeI, A. (2017). Investigating the effect of social capital on organizational entrepreneurship (Case study: small and medium –size businesses). Journal of Social Capital Management, 3(4), 583-605. [Persian]
Moradi, M. A., Zali, M. R., & Parnian, R. (2015). The effect of social capital on entrepreneurial intention: The Case of MA students of the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering of Tehran University. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 8(1), 1-19. [Persian]
Nahapiet, J. & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational Advantage. Academy of Management Review, 2, 242-267.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. 2nd Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Obschonka, M., Hahn, E., & Bajwa, N. U. H. (2018). Personal agency in newly arrived refugees: The role of personality, entrepreneurial cognitions and intentions, and career adaptability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, In Press, Corrected Proof. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.01.003.
Paul, J., & Shrivatava, A. (2016). Do young managers in a developing country have stronger entrepreneurial intentions? Theory and debate. International Business Review, 25(6), 1197-1210.
Shi, X., Wang, H-J., & Xing, C. (2015). The role of life insurance in an emerging economy: Human capital protection, assets allocation and social interaction. Journal of Banking & Finance, 50, 19-33.
Shinnar, R. S., Hsu, D. K., & Powell, B. C. (2014). Self-efficacy, entrepreneurial intentions, and gender: Assessing the impact of entrepreneurship education longitudinally. The International Journal of Management Education, 12(3), 561-570.
Skuras, D., Meccheri, N., Moreira, M. B., Rosell, J., & Stathopoulou, S. (2005). Entrepreneurial human capital accumulation and the growth of rural businesses: a four-country survey in mountainous and lagging areas of the European Union. Journal of Rural Studies, 21(1), 67-79.
Subramony, M., Segers, J., Chadwick, C., & Shyamsunder, A. (2018). Leadership development practice bundles and organizational performance: The mediating role of human capital and socialcapital. Journal of Business Research, 83, 120-129.
Tang, T-W. (2016). Making innovation happen through building social capital and scanning environment. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 56, 56-65.
Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., & Wright, M. (2008). Opportunity Identification and Pursuit: Does an Entrepreneur’s Human Capital Matter. Small Business Economics. 30(2), 153–173.
Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., & Wright, M. (2009). The Extent and Nature of Opportunity Identification by Experienced Entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(2), 99-115.
Unger, J. M., Rauch, A., Frese, M., & Rosenbusch, N. (2009). Human Capital and Entrepreneurial Success: A Meta-analytical Review. Journal of Business Venturing, 3(4), 1-18.
Yadolahi Farsi, J., & Razavi, M (2012). The Role of Human and Social Capital in Youth Entrepreneurship in Korbal Rural Areas. Political Geography Research. 79, 103-116. [Persian].
Zali, M., & et.al (2012). Evaluation of Entrepreneurial Activities in Iran. Labor and Social Security Institute Publication. [Persian].
Zapkau, F. B., Schwens, C., Steinmetz, H., & Kabst, R. (2015). Disentangling the effect of prior entrepreneurial exposure on entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Business Research, 68(3), 639-653.
Zhang, L-F. (2004). Thinking styles university students preferred teaching styles and their conceptions effective teachers. Journal of Psychology, 13(3), 233-257.
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Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1999). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Alan, K. M. A., Altman, Y., & Roussel, J. (2008). Employee Training Needs and Perceived Value of Training in the Pearl River Delta of China: A Human Capital Development Approach. Journal of European Industrial Training, 32(1), 19-31.
Allinson, C. W, Chell, E., & Hayes, J. (2000). Intuition and entrepreneurial behavior. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(1), 31–43.
Allinson, C., & Hayes, J. (2012). The Cognitive Style Index. United Kingdom.
Ardichvili, A., Cardozo, R., & Ray, S. (2003). A Theory of Entrepreneurial Opportunity Identification and Development. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(1), 105-123.
Armstrong, S. J. & Hird, A. (2009). Cognitive style and entrepreneurial drive of new and mature business owner managers. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24(4), 419-430.
Barral, M. R. M., Ribeiro, F. G., & Canever, M. D. (2018). Influence of the university environment in the entrepreneurial intention in public and private universities. RAUSP Management Journal, 53(1), 122-133.
Bhagavatula, S., Elfring, T., Tilburg, A. V., & Gerhard G. V. B. (2010). How Social and Human Capital Influence Opportunity Recognition and Resource Mobilization in India's Handloom Industry. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(3), 245-260.
Bird, B. (1988). Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intentions. Academy of Management Review, 13, 442-454.
Brigham, K. H., Sorenson, R., & De Castro, J. O. (2004). Matching owner-managers' cognitive style and organizational demands in family firms. Instituto de Empresa Business School, Madrid, Spain. Working Paper No. WP04-09.
Brush, C., Ali, A., Kelley, D., & Greene, P. (2017). The influence of human capital factors and context on women's entrepreneurship: Which matters more? Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 8, 105-113.
Carless, S. (2005). Person-job fit versus person-organization fit as predictors of organizational attraction and job acceptance intentions: a longitudinal study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 411-29.
Chen, M-H., Chang, Y-Y., & Lo. Y-H. (2015). Creativity cognitive style, conflict, and career success for creative entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Research, 68(4), 906-910.
Chin, W. W. (1998). Issues and opinion on structural equation modeling. MIS Quarterly, 22(1), 36-49.
Douglas, E. J. (2013). Reconstructing entrepreneurial intentions to identify predisposition for growth. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(5), 633-651.
Dutta, N., & Sobel, R. S. (2018). Entrepreneurship and human capital: The role of financial development. International Review of Economics & Finance, in press, corrected proof, DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2018.01.020.
Estrin, S., Mickiewicz, T., & Stephan, U. (2016). Human capital in social and commercial entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 31(4), 449-467.
García-Villaverde, P. M., Rodrigo-Alarcón, J., Parra-Requena, G., & Ruiz-Ortega, M. J. (2018). Technological dynamism and entrepreneurial orientation: The heterogeneous effects of social capital. Journal of Business Research, 83, 51-64.
Gartner, W. (1989). Some Suggestions for Research on Entrepreneurial Traits and Characteristics. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. 14(1), 27-37.
Goethner, M., Obschonka, M., Silbereisen, R. K., & Cantner U. (2012). Scientists’ transition to academic entrepreneurship: Economic and psychological determinants. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(3), 628-641.
Haji Karimi, A., & FArhian, M (2009). Human, Social and Emotional Capital Management with Effective Approach to Career Success an empirical study in Mellat bank. Journal of Public Administrative, 1(1), 51-66. [Persian].
Hamidizadeh, A., Kouchakzadeh, Z., & Hajkarimi, F (2017). Studying Effect of Social Capital on Organizational Innovation with Mediating Role of Dual Knowledge Management Strategies. Social Capital Management, 1(4), 75-94. [Persian].
Hanifan, L. J. (1916). The rural school community center. Annales of American Academy of political and social science, 67, 130-138.
Hindle, K., Klyver, K., Jennings, D. F. (2009). An informed intent model: Incorporating human capital, social capital, and gender variables into the theoretical model of entrepreneurial intentions. In A. L. Carsrud & M. Brännback (Eds.), Understanding the Entrepreneurial Mind: Opening the Black Box (pp. 35-50). New York.
Jafari Moghadam, S., Zali, M., & Jalilzadeh, M (2013). Student Entrepreneurial Inhibitory Factors: Studied by Tehran University. Journal of New Economy and Trade, 25: 27-51. [Persian].
Kim, K. H. (1998). An analysis of optimum number of response categories for Korean consumers. Journal of Korean Academic Marketing Science, 1, 61–86.
Krueger, N. (2009). Entrepreneurial Intentions are dead: Long Live Entrepreneurial Intentions. International Studies in Entrepreneurship, 24, 51-72.
Krueger, N. F. Jr., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15, 411- 432.
Liu, C-H., & Lee, T. (2015). Promoting entrepreneurial orientation through the accumulation of social capital, and knowledge management. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 46, 138-150.
Maribel, G., Rialp, G., & Urbano, D. (2008). The İmpact of Desirability and Feasibility on Entrepreneurial İntentions: A Structural Equation Model. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4, 35–50.
Meijerink, J., & Bondarouk, T. (2018). Uncovering configurations of HRM service provider intellectual capital and worker human capital for creating high HRM service value using fsQCA. Journal of Business Research, 82, 31-45.
Messicks, S. (1976). Personality consistencies in cognition and creativity. In Messick, S. and associates (Eds), Individualig in Learning. San Francisco, Cal.: Jossey-Bass, 4-22.
Mezirow, J. (1991). Transformative dimensions of adult learning, San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Mohamed Salman, D. (2016). What is the role of public policies to robust international entrepreneurial activities on economic growth? Evidence from cross countries study. Future Business Journal, 2(1), 1-14.
Montezeri, M., Pasandi, N., & AlirezaeI, A. (2017). Investigating the effect of social capital on organizational entrepreneurship (Case study: small and medium –size businesses). Journal of Social Capital Management, 3(4), 583-605. [Persian]
Moradi, M. A., Zali, M. R., & Parnian, R. (2015). The effect of social capital on entrepreneurial intention: The Case of MA students of the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering of Tehran University. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 8(1), 1-19. [Persian]
Nahapiet, J. & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational Advantage. Academy of Management Review, 2, 242-267.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. 2nd Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Obschonka, M., Hahn, E., & Bajwa, N. U. H. (2018). Personal agency in newly arrived refugees: The role of personality, entrepreneurial cognitions and intentions, and career adaptability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, In Press, Corrected Proof. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.01.003.
Paul, J., & Shrivatava, A. (2016). Do young managers in a developing country have stronger entrepreneurial intentions? Theory and debate. International Business Review, 25(6), 1197-1210.
Shi, X., Wang, H-J., & Xing, C. (2015). The role of life insurance in an emerging economy: Human capital protection, assets allocation and social interaction. Journal of Banking & Finance, 50, 19-33.
Shinnar, R. S., Hsu, D. K., & Powell, B. C. (2014). Self-efficacy, entrepreneurial intentions, and gender: Assessing the impact of entrepreneurship education longitudinally. The International Journal of Management Education, 12(3), 561-570.
Skuras, D., Meccheri, N., Moreira, M. B., Rosell, J., & Stathopoulou, S. (2005). Entrepreneurial human capital accumulation and the growth of rural businesses: a four-country survey in mountainous and lagging areas of the European Union. Journal of Rural Studies, 21(1), 67-79.
Subramony, M., Segers, J., Chadwick, C., & Shyamsunder, A. (2018). Leadership development practice bundles and organizational performance: The mediating role of human capital and socialcapital. Journal of Business Research, 83, 120-129.
Tang, T-W. (2016). Making innovation happen through building social capital and scanning environment. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 56, 56-65.
Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., & Wright, M. (2008). Opportunity Identification and Pursuit: Does an Entrepreneur’s Human Capital Matter. Small Business Economics. 30(2), 153–173.
Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., & Wright, M. (2009). The Extent and Nature of Opportunity Identification by Experienced Entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(2), 99-115.
Unger, J. M., Rauch, A., Frese, M., & Rosenbusch, N. (2009). Human Capital and Entrepreneurial Success: A Meta-analytical Review. Journal of Business Venturing, 3(4), 1-18.
Yadolahi Farsi, J., & Razavi, M (2012). The Role of Human and Social Capital in Youth Entrepreneurship in Korbal Rural Areas. Political Geography Research. 79, 103-116. [Persian].
Zali, M., & et.al (2012). Evaluation of Entrepreneurial Activities in Iran. Labor and Social Security Institute Publication. [Persian].
Zapkau, F. B., Schwens, C., Steinmetz, H., & Kabst, R. (2015). Disentangling the effect of prior entrepreneurial exposure on entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Business Research, 68(3), 639-653.
Zhang, L-F. (2004). Thinking styles university students preferred teaching styles and their conceptions effective teachers. Journal of Psychology, 13(3), 233-257.
