An Analytical Study on Boundaries of Administrative-defined Neighborhoods Using Residents’ Cognitive Maps (Case study: Mashhad Municipality Neighborhoods, Iran)
محورهای موضوعی : Urban Design
Amidoleslam Saghatoleslami
1
(Assistant Professor, Department of urban planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Islamic Azad University,
Mashhad Branch.)
Seyedeh Negar Hosseinian
2
(Ph.D. Candidate of Urban & Regional Planning, University Technology Malaysia.)
3Maryam Behnami Fard
3
(M. Sc. In Urban Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch.)
کلید واژه: Neighborhood, Residents’ perception, Cognitive maps, Administrative-defined Neighbo,
چکیده مقاله :
The neighborhood has had a long history in Iranian urbanization. Since urban plans wereintroduced by the authorities to shape urban development in Iran half a century ago, the concept of Iranian traditionalneighborhood has been neglected gradually. The concept of neighborhood has not found the appropriate status inurban design and planning yet. One of the main reasons is that academics, professional urban planners, designersand managers use different definition and no consensus exists on definition of neighborhood. The aim of researchis to compare residents’ perception of their neighborhood boundaries with boundaries of administrative-definedNeighborhoods which municipalities consider. The main hypothesis of the research is fundamental difference betweenthese two views: top- down view from experts and urban managers who see the neighborhood as a spatial unit for cityorganizing and bottom- up view from residents who consider the neighborhood as the place of their social life. TheResearch methodology has been done base on the survey method and an analytical approach has been applied. Thecase study is located in Mashhad city in Iran. Four municipality-defined neighborhoods were selected in various urbanfabrics of the city. Findings indicate that residents’ definition of their neighborhood was influenced by socio-spatialfactors and interaction of these on each other. There is a substantial and fundamental difference between residents’definition of neighborhood and municipality-defined neighborhood. Finally, this study proposes recommendations forthe better definition of administrative neighborhoods in Iran.
Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., & Silverstein, M. (1977).
A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, construction. New
York, Oxford University Press.
Appleyard , D. (1976). Planning a pluralistic city:
Conflicting realities in Ciudad Guayana. Cambridge, Mass,
MIT.
Ashraf , A. (1974). Attributes of urbanization in Iran in
Islamic Period. Letter of Human Sciences , 1(4), 7-49.
Bacon, Edmond. N. (1975). Design of cities. Penguin
books, England.
Campbell, E., Henly, J. R., Elliott, D. S., & Irwin,
K. (2009). Subjective Constructions of Neighborhood
Boundaries: Lessons From A Qualitative Study of Four
Neighborhoods. Journal of Urban Affairs, 31(4), 461-490.
Chaskin, R.J. (1995). Defining Neighborhood: History,
Theory and Practice, Chicago. The Chapin Hall center for
children at the university of Chicago.
Coulton, C.J., Korbin, J., Chan, T., & Su, M. (2001).
Mapping Residents' Perception of Neighborhood Boundaries:
A methodological note. American Journal of Community
Psychology, 29( 2), 371-383.
Cowan, R. (2005). The Dictionary of Urbanism. London,
streetwise press.
Devaaws, D.A. (2002). Surveys in social research. New
York, Routledge.
Downs, R. M. & Stea, D. (1973). Cognitive maps and
spatial behavior: Process and Products, In R. M. Downs &
D. Stea (Eds.). Image and Environment: cognitive mapping
and spatial behavior , PP. 8-26, Chicago , Aldine Transaction.
Forouzande, A.J. & Motallebi, G. (2012). The role of open
spaces in neighborhood attachment (case study: Ekbatan town
in Tehran Metropolis), International Journal of Architecture
and Urban Development (IJAUD). 2(1),11-20.
Falamaki, M.M.( 1995). Regeneration of historical
Buildings and Cities, 3 rd. edition. Tehran, University of
Tehran.
Gallion, B. & Eisner, S. (1958) The Urban Pattern, city
87
International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development
planning and design. New York, Von Nostrand Reinhold.
Gould, P. & White, R., (1974). Mental maps, Middlesex
England. Penguin Books.
Grant, J. (2006). Planning the good community, new
Urbanism in theory and practice. New York, Routlege.
Guest, A.M, Lee , B.A., & Staeheli, L.(1983). Consensus
on locality names within the metropolis. sociology and social
research. 67(4) 375-391.
Guest, A. M., & Lee, B.A. (1984). How urbanities define
their neighborhoods. Population and Environment. 7(1), 32-
56.
Habibi, S.M.(1999). Land Use Per capita, Land and
Housing organization. Tehran, The ministry of housing and
urban development,
Habibi, S.M.(2000). From town to city (historical
analysis from concept of city and physical image). Tehran,
University of Tehran,
Haney, W. G., & Knowles, E.C. (1978).Perception
of Neighborhood by city and suburban residents. Human
Ecology. 6 (2), 201-214.
Hester, R. T. (1984). Planning Neighborhood Space with
People. New York, Von Nostrand Reinhold .
Kearns, A & Parkinson, M. (2001). The significance of
neighborhood. Urban Studies. 38 (12), 2103- 2110.
Keller, S. (1968).The urban neighborhood: A sociological
perspective. New York, Random House.
Lang , J. (1987). Creating Architectural Theory: The role
of the Behavioral Sciences in Environmental Design. New
York, Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Lee, B. A., & Campbell, K.E.(1997). Common Ground?
Urban neighborhoods as survey respondents see them. Social
Science Quarterly. Vol.78, No.4, pp. 922-936.
Lee, T. (1968), urban neighborhood as a socio-spatial
schema. Human Relations. 21(3) 241-267.
Lotfi, S., & Koohsari, M. J. (2009). Measuring objective
accessibility to neighborhood facilities in the city(A case
study: zone 6 in Tehran , Iran). Cities. 26(3) 133-140.
Lynch, K.(1960). The Image of the city. Cambridge,
Mass, MIT.
Madanipour, A. (2001). How relevant is “planning by
neighborhoods today?. The Town planning review, PP. 171-
191.
Meegan, R., & Mitchell, A.(2001). It’s not community
round here, it’s neighborhood: Neighborhood changes and
cohesion in urban regeneration policies. Urban Studies. 38
(12), 2167- 2194.
Mumford , L. (1954). The Neighborhood and the
neighboring unit. Town Planning Review. 25 (1), 256- 270.
Mumford, L., (1961). The city in history; its origins , its
transformations, and its prospects. Fine Communication.
Municipality of Mashhad, (2009). The map of
neighborhoods, districts and zones, Mashhad, Cultural and
Social Vice presidency.
Naghizadeh, M., & Goodarzisoroush, M. (2011).
Explaining the criterion of assesses the Islamic architecture
and city A survey in an overt and covert reality in Islamic
architecture and city, International Journal of Architecture
and Urban Development (IJAUD). 1(2), 45-50.
Perry, C. A. (1929). A plan for New York and its environs,
Volume 7, New York, Regional Planning Association.
Rapoport, A. (2001). The role of neighborhoods in
the success of cities in Proceedings of the International
conference on Defining success of the city in the 21 century ,
pp.145-151,Berlin.
Rohe , W. M., &, Gates, L. B. (1985). Planning with
Neighborhoods, Carolina, University of North Carolina.
Rohe , W. M. (2009). From Local to Global, one Hundred
Years of Neighborhood Planning. JAPA. 75(2), 209-230.
Saghatoleslami, A., & Aminzadeh, B. (2009). An Analytical
approach to Cognition of the Concept of neighborhood in
contemporary Iranian Cities, The case study Of Mashhad,
Journal of Fine Arts. Architecture and Urbanism. 39, 81-92.
Saghatoleslami, A. (2013). The Concept of Neighborhood
in Contemporary Iranian Cities (With Analyzing Residents
Cognitive Maps). Mashhad, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad
Branch.
Saghatoleslami, A., & Aminzadeh, B. (2013). A
Comparative study on the concept and design principles
of Iranian Mahalleh and western neighborhood. Journal of
Hoviateshahr. 13, 33-45.
88
International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development
Vol.4, No.2, Spring 2014
Schulz, C. N. (1980). genius Loci, Towards a
Phenomenology of architecture. New York, Rizzoli.
Smith , M. E. (2010). The archaeological study of
neighborhoods and districts in ancient cities. Journal of
Anthropological Archaeology. 29 (2), 137-154.
Soltanzadeh, H. (1988). Introduction to history of city and
urbanization in Iran. Tehran. Nasherabi.
Suttles, G.D. (1972). The social construction of
communities. Chicago, university of Chicago.
The Statistical Center of Iran. (2006). general census of
human and housing. Tehran.
Tovasoli, M. (1997). Principles and Techniques of urban
design in Iran. Vol.1, Tehran, urban planning & architectural
Research Center of Iran.
Urban Task Force (1999). Towards an Urban Renaissance,
Final Report. London, HMSO.
