The Role of Garden and Courtyard in Organizing the Space of Aristocratic Houses in Tehran during Qajar’s Era
محورهای موضوعی : Urban Design
Maryam Armaghan
1
,
Hossein Soltanzadeh
2
,
Homa Irani Behbahani
3
1 - Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
3 - Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
کلید واژه: Garden-house, Courtyard, Qajar, Life culture,
چکیده مقاله :
Constructing houses in the form of garden-house became popular among Statesmen and the privileged class in Naseri period. Iranian traditional houses which used to be formed around a central courtyard, now were organized around a garden. So the transition from houses with courtyard to garden-houses created a new order of relationships between spaces, resulted in redefining spaces and their forms. The framework structure of the spaces along with their life culture have been investigated in the present research paper since without considering the inhabitants’ behavioral and cultural characteristics the framework patterns shaping the space cannot lead to identifying architectural features. So, the qualitative research method was used to study four aristocratic houses in Tehran within an analytical-interpretative approach. The results indicate a change in space organization. There are sustainability concepts in designing spaces in a house which are attained differently in the garden and sometimes redefined because of the changing needs. At the end, the roles of garden and yard are compared with each other in creating diversity and spatial regularity, defining the privacy and territory, perspective, access, entrance and function.
Afshar Naderi, K. (2007). Gardens of Paradise: a Glance at the Garden of Farmanieh and the Buildings of the Italian Embassy in Tehran. Tehran: Houman Sadr.
Archnet, (1988). Retrieved from http://archnet.org/library/images/one-image.jsp?location_id=5504&image_id=24757, 11.1.2013.
Ayatollah-zadeh Shirazi, B. (2011). Emarat-e Massoudieh. Tehran: Cultural Research Bureau of Iran.
Barjesteh, F. (2007). Introduction to Entertainment in Qajar Persia, Iranian Studies, 40:4, 447-454.
Behbahani, H.; Sultani, H., (2003). The Major Indicators and Characteristics of Garden Design in Tehran during the Qajar Period. Environmental Studies, 29 (Special issue), 81-99.
Ein al-Saltaneh, G. (1995). Ruzname-ye Khaterat-e Ein al-Saltaneh (Ein al-Saltaneh’s Diaries). Tehran: Asatir.
Etemadal-Saltaneh, M. (2010). Ruzname-ye Khaterat-e Etemad al-Saltaneh (Etemad al-Saltaneh’s Diaries). 7th. Ed., Tehran: Amir Kabir.
Farmanfarmaian, M. (2008). Zir-e Negah-e Pedar (Diaries of Mehrimah Farmanfarmaian). 3rd. Ed., Tehran: Kavir.
Iichs, (2013). Retrieved from http://www.iichs.org/srcfiles/printmag.asp?id=918, 11.1.2013.
Khansari, M., Moghtader, M., & Yavari, M. (2004). Persian Garden, Reflection of Heaven. Tehran: Iranian Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization.
Lambton, A.(1996). Qajar Persia. Mashhad: Javedan Kherad.
Mahdavi, Sh. (2012) Everyday Life in Late Qajar Iran, Iranian Studies, 45:3, 355-370.
Mostofi, A. (1992). Sharh-e Zendegani-e Man (My Biography). 3rd. Ed. Tehran: Zavar.
Mostofi, A. (2007). Sharh-e Zendegani-e Man (My Biography)..Tehran: Hermes.
Mousavi, R. (1998). Recorded reports of Ghavam al-Saltaneh house. Tehran: Tehran Cultural Heritage Total Office.
Mousavi, R. (2003). Recorded reports of Nassir al-Dowleh house. Tehran: Tehran Cultural Heritage Total Office.
Naser al-Din Qajar. (2005). Ruznameh-ye Khaterat-e Naser al-Din Shah (The Diaries of Naser al-Din Shah). Tehran: National Library and Archives Organisation of Iran.
Polak, J. E. (1989). Safarname-ye Polak (Persia and Persians). 2nd. Ed., Tehran: Kharazmi.
Sackville-west, V. M. (2007). A Passenger to Tehran. New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks.
Sayyah, M. (1967). Khaterat-e Haji Sayyah (Daries of Haji Sayyah). 2nd. Ed., Tehran: Amir Kabir.
Shahri, J. (2004). Tehran-e Ghadim. 4th. Ed., Tehran: Moein.
Ullens de Schooten, M. T. B. (1951-1972). Retrieved from http://archnet.org/library/images/one-image.jsp?location_id= 18443&image_id=211523, 11.1.2013.
United States Library Congress, (2013). Retrieved fromhttp://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl, 11.1.2013.
Zoka, Y. and Semsar, M. (1997). Tehran in Image. Tehran: Soroush.
