مواجهه و معناسازی کاربران ایرانی از شبکه‌های مجازی
محورهای موضوعی : ارتباطات
محمدسعید ذکایی
1
(
استاد تمام و عضو هیات علمی دانشکده علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی
)
سیمین ویسی
2
(
دانشجوی دکتری جامعه شناسی فرهنگی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران
)
کلید واژه: تاکتیک و استراتژی, مکانیزم‌های معناسازی کاربران, مفصل‌بندی, کنشگری کاربران مجازی,
چکیده مقاله :
با گسترش شبکه‌های مجازی تولید و خوانش متون دچار تغییرات بنیادین گشته بطوریکه نظریات پیشین قادر به تبیین تمام واقعیت موجود نیستند. این پژوهش با استفاده از مطالعه قوم‌نگاری شبکه‌های اجتماعی به دنبال تلفیق نظریه رمزگذاری-رمزگشایی و نیز مفصل‌بندی استوارت هال برای ترسیم مدل معناسازی کاربران ایرانی در شبکه‌های مجازی است. بر طبق یافته‌ها این فضا ویژگی‌هایی همچون پراکنده‌سازی افکار، پر و بال پیدا کردن موضوعات، حضور همزمان و یا متناوب نیروهای استراتژی و تاکتیک و مصادره و مصادره شدن دوباره فضا را دارد. علاوه بر این وجود مکانیزم‌های خنثی و مکانیزم‌های نفی دیگری قدرتمند شامل تروما‌سازی، همسان‌سازی امور، واکنش نسبت به سیاست‌گذاری‌های مقدس‌ساز، خاصیت نمایشی و تکمیل پازل خبر و مکانیزم‌های مربوط به ایجاد خود جمعی بر مبنای نیروهای تاکتیک شامل آیکون‌سازی، اسلنگ‌سازی و تشکیل جماعت‌واره‌ها به دنبال میدان بخشیدن به نیروهای مبتنی بر تاکتیک و به عبارتی تمام عاملانی است که در فضای رسمی قدرتی ندارند. فضای خوانشگری ایرانی با کنشگری فعال/ منفعل، مقطعی/ مداوم و کنشگری‌های محدود، بینابینی و کلان نیز همراه است. در نهایت با توجه به ویژگی‌های فضا و مکانیزم‌های ذکر شده سه بعد شامل تولید و تفسیر جمعی متون، نادیده گرفتن خبر و گفتگوی تخالفی بر ابعاد خوانش‌های هال نیز افزوده شدند که نشان‌دهنده توان بخشیدن فضا به تمامی عاملان برای معناسازی هستند.
With the expansion of virtual networks, the production and reading of texts has undergone fundamental changes so that previous theories are not able to explain all the existing reality. This study uses an ethnographic study of social networks to combine the theory of Encoding-Decoding and articulation of Stuart Hall to draw a semantic model of Iranian users in virtual networks. According to the findings, this space has special features such as scattering of thoughts, expanding on issues, simultaneous or alternating presence of strategy and tactics forces, and confiscation and re-confiscation of space. Furthermore, existence of neutral mechanisms, powerfull other dening mechanisms includes traumatizing, putting the same values on all issues, reacting to sanctifying policies, theatricality, and completing news puzzles, and mechanisms related to collective self-creation based on tactical forces including icon-making and the formation of crowds, seek to giving chance to tactical forces and in other words, all the agents who have no power in the official space. The Iranian reading space is also accompany with active / passive, cross-sectional / continuous, and limited, intermediate, and macro activities. Finally, according to the characteristics of space and the mentioned mechanisms, three dimensions, including the collective production and interpretation of texts, ignoring the news and oppositional dialogue, were added to the dimensions of Hall readings, which shows that space empowers all actors to making sense.
آلن، گراهام. (1392). "بینامتنیت"، ترجمه پیام یزدانجو، تهران: نشر مرکز، چاپ چهارم.
فلیک، اووه. (1387). "درآمدی بر تحقیق کیفی"، ترجمه هادی جلیلی، تهران: نشر نی.
Alexander C.J. (2009). “Remembering the Holocaust: A Debate. New York: Oxford”, Oxford Univesity Press.
Alexander C.J. (2013). “Trauma: A Social Theory”, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Barthes, R. (1972). “Mythologies, trans. Annette Lavers”, New York: Hill & Wang.
Boellstorff, T., Nardi, B., Pearce, C. & Taylor. T.L. (2012). “Virtual Worlds: A Handbook of Method”, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Boyatzis. R.E. (1998). “Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development”, London: Sage Publication.
Daryl Slack, J. (2005). “The theory and method of articulation in cultural studies, in Ed: David Morley & Kuan-Hsing Chen”, Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, Routledge.
Davis, Helen. (2004). “Understanding Stuart Hall”, London: Sage Publication.
De Certeau, M. (2002). “The Practice of Everyday Life”, University of California Press, Berkeley.
De la Ville, V. & Mounoud, E. (2010). “Cambridge Handbook of Strategy and Practice”, Eds: Golsorkhi. Damon, Rouleau. Linda & Seidi.David. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Eco, U. (1972). “Towards a semiotic inquiry into the television message. Trans. Paola Splendore”, Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 3, PP. 103-21.
Eyerman, R. (2004). “Jeffrey Alexander and the Cultural turn in Social Theory”, Thesis Eleven, Vol. 79 (1), PP. 25-30.
Fiske, J. (1987). “Television on Culture, Popular pleasures and Politics, Studies in Communication”, London: Routledge.
Fiske, J. & Hortley, J. (2003). “Reading Television”, London: Routledge.
Green, J. (2015). “The Vulgar Tongue, Green History of Slang”, Oxford: Oxford University.
Grossberg, L. (1993). “Cultural studies and/in new worlds”, in Critical Studies in Mass Communication, Vol. 10, PP. 1-22.
Hall, S. (1977). “The work of representation in cultural, Ed: S. Hall”, Representation. London. Thousand: Sage Publication.
Hall, S. (1981). “Conformity, consensus and conflict: introduction, in D. Potter et al. (Eds)”, Society and the Social Sciences, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 221-5.
Hall, S. (1986). “On postmodernism and articulation: an interview with Stuart Hall”, ed. L. Grossberg, Journal of Communication Inquiry, Vol. 10(2), PP. 45-60.
Hall, S. (1993). “Encodind -decoding, in S. During”, (Ed) the Cultural Studies Reader. London: Routledge.
Hall, S. (2005, a). “Encoding, Decoding, in S. Hall, D. Hobson. A. Lowe & P. Willis (Eds), Culture, Media, Language. London: Routledge.
Hall, S. (2005, b). “On postmodernism and articulation (An Interview with Stuart Hall), Edited by Lawrence Grossberg, in David Morley & Kuan-Hsing Chen”, (Eds) Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, Routledge.
Hebdige, D. (1979). “Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London: Routledge.
Jenkins, H., Ford, S., & Green, J. (2013). “Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture”, NYU Press.
King, N. & Horrocs, C. (2010). “Interviws in Qualitative Reaserch”, London: Sage Publication.
Laclau, E. (2012). “Politics and ideology in Marxist theory: Capitalism, fascism”, populism. Verso Trade.
Larrain, J. (2005). “Stuart Hall and the Marxist concept of ideology, in David Morley & Kuan-Hsing Chen”, (eds.) Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, Routledge.
Laughey, D. (2007). “Key Themes in Media Theory”, Open University Press.
Le bon, G. (2001). “The Crowd, A Study of the Popular Mind”, Mineola, New York: Dover publication, INC.
Morley, D. (1980). “The Nationwide Audience”, London: British Film Institue.
O'sullivan, T., Hartley, J., Saunders, D., Montgomery, M. & Fiske, J. (1994). “Key concepts in communication and cultural studies”, London: Routledge.
Ott, B.L. & Mack, R.L. (2020). “Critical media studies: An introduction”, John Wiley & Sons.
Pillai, P. (1992). “Rereading Stuart Hall's Encoding/decoding model”, Cmmunication Theory, Vol. 2(3), PP. 221-233.
Procter, James. (2004). “Stuart Hall”, London: Routledge.
Radway, J.A. (2009). “Reading the romance: Women, patriarchy”, and popular literature. Univ. of North Carolina Press.
Skoll, G.R. (2010). “Social Theory of Fear, Terror”, Torture & death in a Post Capitalist World, Palgrave, Macmillan.
Stock, M., Isenberg, V., Reißmann, W., Kaiser, S. & Nieland, J.U. (2017). “Fan (fiction) acting on media and the politics of appropriation”, Media and Communication, Vol. 5(3), PP. 15-27.
Sullivan, J.L. (2013). “Media fandom and audience subcultures. Media Audiences. Effects, Users, Institutions, and Power, Thousand Okas”, California: Sage Publication.
Weber, R.H. (2015). “Realizing a New Global Cyberspace Framework: Normative Fundations and Guiding Principles”, Springer.
Williamson, J. (1978). “Decoding Advertisements: Ideology & Meaning in Advertising”, London: Marion Boyars.
Zittrain, J. (2008). “The future of the internet-and how to stop it”, Yale University Press.
_||_
آلن، گراهام. (1392). "بینامتنیت"، ترجمه پیام یزدانجو، تهران: نشر مرکز، چاپ چهارم.
فلیک، اووه. (1387). "درآمدی بر تحقیق کیفی"، ترجمه هادی جلیلی، تهران: نشر نی.
Alexander C.J. (2009). “Remembering the Holocaust: A Debate. New York: Oxford”, Oxford Univesity Press.
Alexander C.J. (2013). “Trauma: A Social Theory”, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Barthes, R. (1972). “Mythologies, trans. Annette Lavers”, New York: Hill & Wang.
Boellstorff, T., Nardi, B., Pearce, C. & Taylor. T.L. (2012). “Virtual Worlds: A Handbook of Method”, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Boyatzis. R.E. (1998). “Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development”, London: Sage Publication.
Daryl Slack, J. (2005). “The theory and method of articulation in cultural studies, in Ed: David Morley & Kuan-Hsing Chen”, Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, Routledge.
Davis, Helen. (2004). “Understanding Stuart Hall”, London: Sage Publication.
De Certeau, M. (2002). “The Practice of Everyday Life”, University of California Press, Berkeley.
De la Ville, V. & Mounoud, E. (2010). “Cambridge Handbook of Strategy and Practice”, Eds: Golsorkhi. Damon, Rouleau. Linda & Seidi.David. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Eco, U. (1972). “Towards a semiotic inquiry into the television message. Trans. Paola Splendore”, Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 3, PP. 103-21.
Eyerman, R. (2004). “Jeffrey Alexander and the Cultural turn in Social Theory”, Thesis Eleven, Vol. 79 (1), PP. 25-30.
Fiske, J. (1987). “Television on Culture, Popular pleasures and Politics, Studies in Communication”, London: Routledge.
Fiske, J. & Hortley, J. (2003). “Reading Television”, London: Routledge.
Green, J. (2015). “The Vulgar Tongue, Green History of Slang”, Oxford: Oxford University.
Grossberg, L. (1993). “Cultural studies and/in new worlds”, in Critical Studies in Mass Communication, Vol. 10, PP. 1-22.
Hall, S. (1977). “The work of representation in cultural, Ed: S. Hall”, Representation. London. Thousand: Sage Publication.
Hall, S. (1981). “Conformity, consensus and conflict: introduction, in D. Potter et al. (Eds)”, Society and the Social Sciences, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 221-5.
Hall, S. (1986). “On postmodernism and articulation: an interview with Stuart Hall”, ed. L. Grossberg, Journal of Communication Inquiry, Vol. 10(2), PP. 45-60.
Hall, S. (1993). “Encodind -decoding, in S. During”, (Ed) the Cultural Studies Reader. London: Routledge.
Hall, S. (2005, a). “Encoding, Decoding, in S. Hall, D. Hobson. A. Lowe & P. Willis (Eds), Culture, Media, Language. London: Routledge.
Hall, S. (2005, b). “On postmodernism and articulation (An Interview with Stuart Hall), Edited by Lawrence Grossberg, in David Morley & Kuan-Hsing Chen”, (Eds) Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, Routledge.
Hebdige, D. (1979). “Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London: Routledge.
Jenkins, H., Ford, S., & Green, J. (2013). “Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture”, NYU Press.
King, N. & Horrocs, C. (2010). “Interviws in Qualitative Reaserch”, London: Sage Publication.
Laclau, E. (2012). “Politics and ideology in Marxist theory: Capitalism, fascism”, populism. Verso Trade.
Larrain, J. (2005). “Stuart Hall and the Marxist concept of ideology, in David Morley & Kuan-Hsing Chen”, (eds.) Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, Routledge.
Laughey, D. (2007). “Key Themes in Media Theory”, Open University Press.
Le bon, G. (2001). “The Crowd, A Study of the Popular Mind”, Mineola, New York: Dover publication, INC.
Morley, D. (1980). “The Nationwide Audience”, London: British Film Institue.
O'sullivan, T., Hartley, J., Saunders, D., Montgomery, M. & Fiske, J. (1994). “Key concepts in communication and cultural studies”, London: Routledge.
Ott, B.L. & Mack, R.L. (2020). “Critical media studies: An introduction”, John Wiley & Sons.
Pillai, P. (1992). “Rereading Stuart Hall's Encoding/decoding model”, Cmmunication Theory, Vol. 2(3), PP. 221-233.
Procter, James. (2004). “Stuart Hall”, London: Routledge.
Radway, J.A. (2009). “Reading the romance: Women, patriarchy”, and popular literature. Univ. of North Carolina Press.
Skoll, G.R. (2010). “Social Theory of Fear, Terror”, Torture & death in a Post Capitalist World, Palgrave, Macmillan.
Stock, M., Isenberg, V., Reißmann, W., Kaiser, S. & Nieland, J.U. (2017). “Fan (fiction) acting on media and the politics of appropriation”, Media and Communication, Vol. 5(3), PP. 15-27.
Sullivan, J.L. (2013). “Media fandom and audience subcultures. Media Audiences. Effects, Users, Institutions, and Power, Thousand Okas”, California: Sage Publication.
Weber, R.H. (2015). “Realizing a New Global Cyberspace Framework: Normative Fundations and Guiding Principles”, Springer.
Williamson, J. (1978). “Decoding Advertisements: Ideology & Meaning in Advertising”, London: Marion Boyars.
Zittrain, J. (2008). “The future of the internet-and how to stop it”, Yale University Press.
