Application of four-wave mixing for estimation of nonlinear parameters in compact ring cavity laser based on Bi-EDF
محورهای موضوعی : Journal of Theoretical and Applied Physics
Sharifeh Shahi
1
(
1. Laser and Biophotonics in Biotechnologies Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Isfahan (Khorasgan) branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
)
Sasan Soudi
2
(
1. Laser and Biophotonics in Biotechnologies Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 3. Department of Medical Engineering Faculty of Health and Medical Engineering Tehran Medical Sciences
)
Yalda Ghorbani
3
(
1. Laser and Biophotonics in Biotechnologies Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 2. Islamic Azad University Majlesi branch/Faculty of electrical and computer engineering, Isfahan, Iran
)
Bahareh Khaksar jalali
4
(
1. Laser and Biophotonics in Biotechnologies Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
)
Sulaiman Wadi Harun
5
(
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
)
کلید واژه: Bi-EDF, Four-wave mixing, Photonic crystal fiber, Non-linear optics,
چکیده مقاله :
One of the main degradation effects of optical fibres with dense channel width and poor chromatic dispersion on the fiber is four-wave mixing (FWM). Cross talk produced by four-wave mixing in optical fibers limits the efficiency of long-distance wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) optical communication systems, which can be regulated for non-linearity purposes in optical telecommunication, particularly when channel wavelengths are set near the zero-dispersion wavelength of optical fibers. As a result, a small fiber segment with a high nonlinearity can be used to support the FWM. Using the four-wave mixing method, the experimental set-up of a compact fiber ring laser based on different lengths of nonlinear Bismuth-Erbium doped fiber (Bi-EDF, 181 and 215 cm) is used in this paper. Via the degenerate four-wave mixing effect, these two gain nonlinear media have been successfully used to stabilize a dual-wavelength fiber laser with and without nonlinear photonic crystal fiber (PCF) at room temperature for and n2 estimation of nonlinear parameters and FWM performance of optical fiber. Experiments show that using a high non-linear bismuth-erbium doped fiber (Bi-EDF) in implementing an FWM program for non-linear PCF parameters has specific and unique benefits. Furthermore, the FWM effect can be used for signal amplification, wavelength transfer, phase conjugation, and high-speed optical switching. The proposed configuration's special function is explained by the Bi-EDF and PCF fiber's coupled relationship in FWM scattering.
Four-Wave Mixing for Nonlinear Parameter Estimation in a Compact Ring Cavity Laser Using Bi-EDF
S. Shahi*1,2, S. Soudi1,3, Y. Ghorbani1,4, B. Khaksar Jalali1 and S. W. Harun5
1Laser and Biophotonics in Biotechnologies Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
4Faculty of electrical and computer engineering, Islamic Azad University Majlesi Branch, Isfahan, Iran
5Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
Four-wave mixing is one of the major degradation effects in fiber optic systems with dense channel spacing and low chromatic dispersion on the fiber. In the long-distance wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) optical communication system, the cross talk generated from four-wave mixing in optical fibers limits the performance of the system, which can be controlled for non-linearity purposes in optical telecommunication, especially the channel wavelengths are set near the zero-dispersion wavelength of optical fibers. Hence, a very short fiber segment with an ultrahigh non-linearity is useful to support the FWM. In this paper, the experimental set-up of compact fiber ring laser based different lengths of nonlinear Bismuth- Erbium doped fiber (Bi-EDF, 181 and 215 cm) is employed by using four-wave mixing (FWM) method. These two gain nonlinear media have been successfully used to stabilize a dual-wavelength fiber laser with and without nonlinear photonic crystal fiber (PCF) at room temperature through the degenerate four-wave mixing effect for g and n2 estimation of non-linear parameters and FWM efficiency of optical fiber. The exclusive and practical benefits of using the high non-linear bismuth-erbium doped fiber (Bi-EDF) in implementing a FWM applications for non-linear PCF parameters are experimentally demonstrated. Besides, the FWM effect can be also employed for signal amplification, phase conjugation, wavelength conversion ,and high-speed optical switching. Coupled interaction of Bi-EDF and PCF fiber in FWM scattering explain the unique feature of the proposed configuration.
Keywords:
Bi-EDF, Four-wave mixing, Photonic crystal fiber, Non-linear optics
1. Introduction
The Four-wave mixing phenomena is one of the major degradation effects in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) systems with dense channel spacing and low chromatic dispersion on the fiber. The FWM phase-matching factor is dependent on the signal power. In the long-distance WDM optical communication system, the cross talk generated from four-wave mixing in optical fibers limits the performance of the system, when channel wavelengths are set near the zero-dispersion wavelength of optical fibers. Hence, a very short fiber segment with an ultrahigh nonlinearity to support the FWM [1].
In the Four-wave mixing process, two or more waves interact in a non-linear medium to produce an output at various sum or difference frequencies. The FWM can take place in any material. It refers to the interaction of four waves via the third-order non-linear polarization. When all waves have the same frequency, the process is called degenerate, although their wave vectors are different. This process results from the non-linear index of refraction. One of the most attractive possibilities offered by the high non-linear Bismuth oxide is the opportunity to implement a range of non-linear optical signal processing devices with only a meter or less of the fiber. Some development in highly non-linear bismuth-oxide fiber (Bi-NLF) has resulted in a non-linear coefficient of over 1360 (W.km)-1 using a conventional step-index guiding structure [2]. The strongly non-linear PCFs have also been used only to generate new frequencies resulting from four-wave mixing (FWM). In comparison with conventional optical fibers, the significant FWMs in PCFs can occur at relatively low peak powers and over short propagation distances, and such processes can be possible in a much wider wavelength range than 120 nm [3-5]. Recently, Bi-EDF ring lasers have been demonstrated with a tunable single-wavelength operation [6-9]. These lasers provide a wide tuning range as well as a high signal–to-noise ratio. In this letter, we compared two lengths of Bi-EDF in ring fiber laser design for optimum estimation of non-linear optical parameters of fiber by employing dual wavelengths in the L band region.
2. Experimental setup
The schematic layout for the proposed dual-wavelength based Bi-EDF is proposed in Fig.1, where a 20 m long non-linear PCF as a fiber under test is compared with two lengths of Bi-EDF in FWM processes. The two long (181 and 215 cm) of Bismuth erbium-doped fiber (Bi-EDF) is optically pumped by a 1480 nm laser diode (LD) through a WDM coupler, and then two signal waves of frequencies TLS1 and TLS2 that combine by 3dB coupler enter to the ring by employing 80/20 coupler. Two polarization controllers (PC) were used to set signals into the same polarization state. To ensure that both of the propagating waves had the same polarization, an in-line polarizer, was used. An isolator is employed to block the back reflection of ASE power due to Bi-EDFA in the ring. The 90/10 coupler is also used for monitoring and outputting the laser to an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA).
Fig. 1. Experimental set-up for FWM in fiber ring laser based different lengths of Bi-EDF.
3. Result and discussion
In this report, two lengths of Bi-EDF with and without PCF are compared in ring fiber laser configuration. As shown in Fig.2, the phenomenon of FWM is very clear when two optical waves at different wavelengths co-propagate in a ring assisted by PCF. Dual-wavelength has been selected very close by 0.3nm spacing. Likely, the presence of PCF generates FWM is due to its unique characteristics. Meanwhile, without PCF, it observed a small idler wave in the right hand with 181cm Bi-EDF. Two signal wavelengths selected in free-running areas of the spectrum without PCF in a ring fiber laser. When at least two optical wavelengths (l1, l2 ,and l3) interact in a nonlinear medium, it will generate a fourth wavelength, l4 where;
l4 = l1+ l2 - l3 | (1) |
Besides that, a combination of two optical waves along a fiber, is viable to produce sidebands at
l12 = l21= 2l1 - l2= 2l2 - l1 | (2) |
These sidebands travel along with the original waves and will grow at the expense of the signal strength input [10].
Fig. 2. The comparison optical spectrum of dual-signal (l1= 1607nm, l2 =1607.3nm) FWM from 181 cm of Bi-EDF ring fiber laser with and without the PCF.
The existent of optical sidebands can be determined by using the below equation [11,12];
M = N2 (N-1)/2 | (3) |
where N is the number of optical waves pumped into a fiber. When channels are not equally spaced, most FWM components fall in between the channels and add to overall noise [13-15]. Fig.3, shown this situation by employing only 215 cm of Bi-EDFA in the ring fiber laser. In a comparison to the last data, The FWM phenomena have much stronger idlers in this length of Bi-EDF.
Fig. 3. The output spectrum of the CW FWM method in the ring based only 215 cm of Bi-EDF, spacing between two signals (l1= 1612nm and l2= 1613nm) is 1nm.
3-1- Four-wave mixing for 
and n2 estimation
Non-linear parameter g and non-linear index coefficient n2 of non-linear fibers were estimated by four-wave mixing measurements. FWM produces sidebands whose amplitudes and frequencies depend on the non-linear parameter g. When the pump wave is degenerates, then the power of FWM (or Pidler) is described by [12-16],
PFWM= η PSg2 Pp2{1-exp(-αL)/α}2= η PSg2 PP2 (Leff )2 | (4) |
where PP is the input power of the pump wave, PS is the transmitted power of the signal wave, L is the interaction length of the FWM process, and g is the fiber non-linear coefficient. The η is the FWM efficiency which depends on the wavelength difference between the pump and signal.
That η = 1 is confirmed if lS is closed enough to lP. By replacing the power values due to experimental data in Fig.3, g achieved around 41.74 (w-1Km-1) for 215 cm length of Bi-EDF.
Furthermore, we can also estimate g for Bi-EDF and other fibers from the below equation [17];
Pc ≈ g2L2Pa2Pb | (5) |
From this equation with experimental data according to Fig.3, that also obtained g = 42.26 (w-1Km-1). In our previous work, we calculated g with material parameters of Bi-EDF in the 1550 nm around 58.3(w-1Km-1) according to the summarized equation [18];
| (6) |
where λ is the signal wavelength, and Aeff represents the effective area of an optical fiber. However, the estimated results according to the 4 and 5 equation-based experimental method is more exact and reliable data.
Furthermore, the powers in the FWM sidebands were measured and used to estimate a value of n2=3.43×10-19 (m2/W) according to equation (6) for the test fiber. We also calculated this parameter in the 1550 nm region as well as 4.23×10-19 (m2/W) that is very close to the experimentally method.
However, the experimentally and systematically errors in single-mode fibers and other components in configuration led to these limited difference values.
Fig. 4 shows the FWM spectra in both fibers gain media (215 cm of Bi-EDF and PCF) by optimum spacing 0.3 nm between two signals. FWM of degenerated signal waves appears at the difference between two signal wavelengths. It must be mentioned that the significant FWM like before is observed in 20 m length PCF. The difference peak power of two signal lasers l1 and l2 is in interval power 2.9 dB, -3.7 dB, which is due to systematic error of two TLS.
Although the difference peak power of two lasers is more than 2 dB in Figs.4, the stability spectrum for PCF is demonstrated. The inset figure shows the output spectra of PCF in terms of time. Figures exhibit that, the powers of idler waves in PCF and lasing waves are very uniform and stable.
Output power (dBm) |
Fig. 4. FWM spectra of PCF in free-running area wavelengths, spacing between two signals is 0.3nm. Inset Figure is measured for 30 seconds within the interval time of 15 min.
Finally, we compared FWM efficiency with and without PCF in ring configuration based on two lengths of Bi-EDF. The FWM efficiency is defined as [19,20]:
P idler 1 /(P 2sig 1Psig 2) | (7) |
Pidler1 is the power of the idler, Psig1 and Psig2 are the power of output signals. FWM efficiency is plotted in Fig. 5 for two lengths of Bi-EDF with and without PCF.
The maximum FWM efficiency was about -31.07dB for 215cm of Bi-EDF in the L-band region in comparison with 181cm (- 46.68dB) that shows the fiber length dependence of FWM efficiency ,especially in this area. By attendance of PCF in our design, FWM efficiency increased with higher long Bi-EDF in this region. This indicates 215 cm of Bi-EDF can be the best candidate with PCF for the L-band applications regarding gain, FWM ,and fusion-splice properties
Fig. 5. The FWM efficiency as a function of fiber length based Bi-EDF.
4. Conclusion
In brief, the FWM processes were proved in principle and testified in ring cavity-based Bi-EDF for estimation of some non-linear and physical parameters. The experimental results are compared and analyzed for different lengths of non-linear Bi-EDF (181 and 215 cm). The use of a short length of fiber makes it possible to have a rather broad wavelength conversion range despite the use of a fiber with a rather high dispersion value. Tuning of the spectral spacing, input signal power ,and the positions of two polarization controllers have been lead to stable spectra. The optimum short fiber length (like 215 cm Bi-EDF) that is used also makes the device more practical in phase-matching conditions and lower pump powers. However, besides of novel applications of the Bi-EDF and PCF that are mentioned practically, the FWM effect can be also employed for signal amplification, phase conjugation, wavelength conversion ,and high-speed optical switching.
· References
[1] S. Pachnicke, J. Reichert, and E. Voges, “Impact of polarization-mode dispersion and fiber nonlinearities on four-wave mixing efficiency,” OECC, 5F2-2-2, 2006.
[2] J. H. Lee, K. Kikuchi, T. Nagashima, T. Hasegawa, S. Ohara, and N. Sugimoto, “All-fiber 80-Gbit/s wavelength converter using 1-m-long Bismuth Oxide-based nonlinear optical fiber with a nonlinearity γ of 1100 W-1 km-1,” Opt. Express, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 3144–3149, 2005.
[3] X.-M. Liu, “Four-wave mixing self-stability based on photonic crystal fiber and its applications on erbium-doped fiber lasers,” Opt. Commun., vol. 260, no. 2, pp. 554–559, 2006.
[4] S. Shahi, M. R. A. Moghaddam, S. W. Harun, and H. Ahmad, “The comparison nonlinearity behaviors of photonic crystal fiber by two reduced lengths of Bi-EDF in ring cavity,” J. Nonlinear Opt. Phys. Mater., vol. 18, no. 03, pp. 521–527, 2009.
[5] J. Yuan et al., “Enhanced intermodal four-wave mixing for visible and near-infrared wavelength generation in a photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Lett., vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 1338–1341, 2015.
[6] S. Ohara and N. Sugimoto, “Bi 2 O 3-based erbium-doped fiber laser with a tunable range over 130 nm,” Opt. Lett., vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 1201–1203, 2008.
[7] H. Ahmad, S. Shahi, and S. W. Harun, “Multi-wavelength laser generation with bismuth-based erbium-doped fiber,” Opt. Express, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 203–207, 2009.
[8] Y. Yan, J. Wang, L. Wang, and Z. Cheng, “Wavelength tunable L Band polarization-locked vector soliton fiber laser based on SWCNT-SA and CFBG,” Opt. Commun., vol. 412, no. November 2017, pp. 55–59, 2018.
[9] Y. L. Yang et al., “Single-mode erbium fiber dual-ring laser with 60-nm workable wavelength tunability,” Opt. Laser Technol., vol. 114, pp. 16–19, 2019.
[10] A. Bindal and S. Singh, “Optimization of fiber Raman amplifier by reduction of four wave mixing effect,” Photonic Netw. Commun., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 214–217, 2014.
[11] S. P. Singh and N. Singh, “Nonlinear effects in optical fibers: origin, management and applications,” Prog. Electromagn. Res., vol. 73, pp. 249–275, 2007.
[12] N. Kathpal and A. K. Garg, “Analysis of Radio over Fiber system for mitigating four-wave mixing effect,” Digit. Commun. Networks, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 115–122, 2020.
[13] J. H. Lee, Z. Yusoff, W. Belardi, M. Ibsen, T. M. Monro, and D. J. Richardson, “Investigation of Brillouin effects in small-core holey optical fiber: lasing and scattering,” Opt. Lett., vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 927–929, 2002.
[14] N. A. Peters et al., “Dense wavelength multiplexing of 1550 nm QKD with strong classical channels in reconfigurable networking environments,” New J. Phys., vol. 11, no. 4, p. 45012, 2009.
[15] S. Du, Y. Tian, and Y. Li, “Impact of Four-Wave-Mixing Noise from Dense Wavelength-Division-Multiplexing Systems on Entangled-State Continuous-Variable Quantum key Distribution,” Phys. Rev. Appl., vol. 14, no. 2, p. 24013, 2020.
[16] S.-R. Lee and Y.-H. Lee, “Wideband Optical Phase Conjugator using HNL-DSF in WDM Systems with Path-Averaged Intensity Approximation Mid-Span Spectral Inversion,” J. Adv. Navig. Technol., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 14–21, 2003.
[17] J. L. M. Morrone, L. A. B. Rossini, L. Morbidel, and P. A. C. Caso, “Simple method to measure the fiber optic nonlinear coefficient using a Sagnac interferometer,” in 2019 XVIII Workshop on Information Processing and Control (RPIC), 2019, pp. 99–104.
[18] N. Si et al., “Dispersion-tunable chalcogenide tri-cladding fiber based on novel continuous two-stage extrusion,” Opt. Mater. Express, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1034–1044, 2020.
[19] S. Ohara et al., “Ultra-wideband amplifiers based on Bi2O3-EDFAs,” Opt. Fiber Technol., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 283–295, 2004.
[20] S. Shahi, S. W. Harun, K. S. Lim, A. W. Naji, and H. Ahmad, “Enhanced four-wave mixing efficiency of BI-EDF in a new ring configuration for determination of nonlinear parameters,” J. Electromagn. Waves Appl., vol. 23, no. 17–18, pp. 2397–2407, 2009.
