نقش زیست توده میکروبی در کیفیت و سلامت خاک
محورهای موضوعی : خاکشناسیآسیه بلواسی 1 , صدیقه علائی بخش 2
1 - استادیار، گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، واحد قائمشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قائمشهر، ایران
2 - استادیار، گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، واحد قائمشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قائمشهر، ایران
کلید واژه: اکوسیستم, زیست توده میکروبی, کشاورزی, ماده آلی,
چکیده مقاله :
خاک، بیش از ۹۷ درصد از نیازهای غذایی بشر را تأمین میکند و نقش کلیدی در پایداری کشاورزی، چرخههای زیستی و حفظ تنوع بومشناختی دارد. سلامت خاک مفهومی چندبعدی و پویا است که تحت تأثیر عوامل فیزیکی، شیمیایی و زیستی قرار دارد و تعامل بین این عوامل، عملکرد اکوسیستم خاک را تعیین میکند. عوامل زیستی، بهویژه جوامع میکروبی، در تثبیت ماده آلی، چرخه عناصر غذایی، تنظیم ساختار خاک و سرکوب عوامل بیماریزا نقش محوری دارند. در سالهای اخیر، شاخصهای میکروبیولوژیک بهعنوان ابزاری حساس و دقیق برای سنجش سلامت خاک، مورد توجه پژوهشگران و مدیران اراضی قرار گرفتهاند. شاخصهایی مانند کربن زیستتوده میکروبی، تنفس پایه و نرخ تجزیه، به دلیل پاسخدهی سریع به تغییرات مدیریتی و زیستمحیطی، از جمله قابلاعتمادترین ابزار پایش سلامت خاک بهشمار میروند. با این حال، چالشهایی مانند تفسیر پیچیده دادههای مرتبط با تنوع میکروبی و نبود معیارهای استاندارد، همچنان مانع استفاده گسترده از این شاخصها در مقیاس عملیاتی شده است. در عین حال، عواملی نظیر pH، شوری، ماده آلی، بافت و تخلخل خاک، بر فعالیت و ترکیب جمعیتهای میکروبی اثر مستقیم دارند. استفاده از راهبردهای کشاورزی پایدار مانند تناوب زراعی، کاهش شخم، مدیریت بقایای گیاهی و افزودن مواد آلی میتواند شرایط فیزیکی و شیمیایی را بهبود داده و در نتیجه، تنوع و فعالیت میکروبی را ارتقا دهد. این مقاله مروری، با رویکردی نظاممند، ضمن معرفی فهرست وار عوامل کلیدی مؤثر بر کیفیت و سلامت خاک، بر نقش محوری شاخصهای میکروبیولوژیک از جمله زیست توده میکروبی، در پایش، تفسیر و مدیریت پایدار خاک تأکید دارد.
Soil, provides more than 97% of human food needs and plays a key role in agricultural sustainability, biogeochemical cycles, and the preservation of ecological diversity. Soil health is a multidimensional and dynamic concept influenced by physical, chemical, and biological factors, whose interactions determine soil ecosystem functioning. Biological factors, particularly microbial communities, play a central role in organic matter stabilization, nutrient cycling, soil structure regulation, and suppression of pathogens. In recent years, microbiological indicators have attracted increasing attention from researchers and land managers as sensitive and precise tools for assessing soil health. Indicators such as microbial biomass carbon, basal respiration, and decomposition rate are considered among the most reliable monitoring tools due to their rapid response to management and environmental changes. However, challenges such as the complex interpretation of microbial diversity data and the lack of standardized criteria still hinder the widespread application of these indicators at operational scales. At the same time, factors such as soil pH, salinity, organic matter, texture, and porosity directly affect microbial activity and community composition. The application of sustainable agricultural strategies, such as crop rotation, reduced tillage, crop residue management, and organic matter addition, can improve physical and chemical conditions, thereby enhancing microbial diversity and activity. This review article, through a systematic approach, outlines the key factors influencing soil quality and health, with a special emphasis on the pivotal role of microbiological indicators in monitoring, interpretation, and sustainable soil management
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