غلبه ی قدرت بر هنجار: عبور از اصول نظم لیبرال در بحرانهای معاصر
محورهای موضوعی : تاریخِ اندیشه سیاسی
حمید احمدی نژاد
1
,
حسین چهره آزاد
2
1 - گروه علوم سیاسی و روابط بین الملل، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران
2 - دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه روابط بین الملل، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: رئالیسم, لیبرالیسم, مناظره اول, بحرانهای جهانی, سیاست قدرت,
چکیده مقاله :
چشم انداز بحرانهای ژئوپلیتیکی معاصر، نهتنها مشروعیت و کارآمدی اصول ادعایی نظم لیبرال جهانی را مورد سوال قرار داده، بلکه زمینه را برای احیای رئالیسم بهعنوان چارچوبی واقعگرایان هتر از کنش این نظم فراهم آورده است. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی شکافهای مفهومی و عملکردی در نظم لیبرال و تبیین توانایی نظریه رئالیسم در توضیح پویایی قدرت و رفتار بازیگرانی است که خود بنیانگذاران این نظم محسوب میشوند. در این راستا، با تمرکز بر سه اصل کلیدی نظم لیبرال یعنی حقوق بشر، چندجانبهگرایی صلحمحور، و تجارت آزاد در بستر سه بحران ژئوپلیتیکیِ جنگ غزه، جنگ اوکراین، و جنگهای تجاری میان قدرتهای بزرگ، این پژوهش به دنبال پاسخ به این پرسش محوری است که: بحرانهای ژئوپلیتیکی معاصر چگونه تقدم منطق قدرت بر هنجارها در نظم لیبرال و درنتیجه برتری تحلیلی رئالیسم در تبیین رفتار دولتهای لیبرال را آشکار میسازند؟ یافتههای تحقیق با روش تحلیل کیفی تطبیقی، نشان میدهند که در مواجهه با بحرانها، بازیگران کلیدی نظم لیبرال بهجای پایبندی به اصول هنجاری، منطق توازن قوا و منافع ملی را مبنای عمل قرار میدهند؛ الگویی که کاربست گزینشی و ابزاری هنجارهای لیبرال را آشکار کرده و در نهایت، بر قدرت تبیینی رئالیسم در شرایط بحرانی میافزاید.
In the face of contemporary geopolitical crises, the legitimacy and effectiveness of the proclaimed principles underpinning the global liberal order have come under serious scrutiny. At the same time, these crises have revived realism as a more pragmatic and coherent framework for interpreting the behavior of states operating within that very order. This study explores the conceptual and operational gaps within the liberal order and evaluates the explanatory strength of realist theory in accounting for power dynamics and the conduct of actors who are themselves the original architects of the liberal system. Focusing on three foundational principles of the liberal order-human rights, peace-oriented multilateralism, and free trade- within the context of three major geopolitical crises (the Gaza War, the Ukraine War, and trade wars among great powers), the research addresses a central question: How do contemporary geopolitical crises reveal the precedence of power logic over liberal norms, and in doing so, underscore realism’s superior analytical capacity in explaining the behavior of liberal states? Using a comparative qualitative analysis, the findings show that when faced with crises, key liberal actors tend to prioritize power-balancing strategies and national interests over normative commitments. This pattern reveals the selective and instrumental application of liberal norms and ultimately reinforces the explanatory power of realism under conditions of systemic stress.
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