Harnessing Artificial Intelligence to Orchestrate a Silent Revolution in power systems towards sustainable and Adaptive Energy Grids
محورهای موضوعی : journal of Artificial Intelligence in Electrical Engineering
1 - گروه مهندسی برق، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، گیلان، ایران
کلید واژه: Smart Grids, Renewable Energy, Power Systems, Energy Storage, Digitalization, Sustainability, Artificial Intelligence,
چکیده مقاله :
In recent decades, the power systems industry has undergone a fundamental yet gradual transformation a silent revolution driven not by media hype but by steady advancements in technology, evolving energy policies, and the growing demand for sustainability and efficiency. This review article explores the key trends and technologies that are reshaping the traditional structure of power systems. These include the integration of renewable energy sources, the expansion of smart grids, the increasing use of energy storage systems, and the adoption of digital technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in grid operation and management.Drawing on recent research and authoritative sources, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the power industry, analyzing both the challenges and opportunities presented by this quiet transformation. It further examines infrastructure evolution, emerging operational models, and future pathways for power systems.The findings highlight that the future of electrical power lies in rethinking conventional concepts, enhancing grid flexibility, and advancing intelligence and sustainability across the system. This review serves as a foundation for deeper understanding of this technological transition and aims to inform future research and policy-making in the field of power engineering.
چکیده انگلیسی:
منابع و مأخذ:
[1] F. Mohammadi, "Emerging challenges in smart grid cybersecurity enhancement: A review," *Energies*, vol. 14, no. 5, p. 1380, 2021.
[2] E. E. Akhigbe et al., "Designing risk assessment models for large-scale renewable energy investment and financing projects," *International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation*, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1293–1308, 2024
[3] S. K. Kim and S. Park, "Impacts of renewable energy on climate vulnerability: A global perspective for energy transition in a climate adaptation framework," *Science of The Total Environment*, vol. 859, p. 160175, 2023.
[4] A. Hosseini et al., "Social acceptance of renewable energy in developing countries: challenges and opportunities," *Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal*, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 31–48, 2018.
[5]. L. Stegemann and M. Gutsch, "Environmental Impacts of Pyro- and Hydrometallurgical Recycling for Lithium-Ion Batteries–A Review," *Journal of Business Chemistry*, vol. 22, no. 1, 2025.
[6]. M. A. Alomari et al., "Security of Smart Grid: Cybersecurity Issues, Potential Cyberattacks, Major Incidents, and Future Directions," *Energies*, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 141, 2025.
[7]. Y. Chen and J. Liu, "Investment Trends in China's Renewable Energy Sector," *IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy*, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 814–823, Apr. 2020.
[8]. C. Carraro, Ed., *International Environmental Agreements on Climate Change*, Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
[9]. J. R. Laurel, "Regulatory Frameworks and Community Engagement Strategies: A Comparison of Belgian Policy Against Denmark and The Netherlands," 2024.
[10]. J. M. Cha, M. Wander, and M. Pastor, "Environmental Justice, Just Transition, and a Low-Carbon Future for California," *Environmental Law Reporter*, vol. 50, p. 10216, 2020.
[11]. V. Geloso and C. S. Reilly, "Revisiting Quebec's Quiet Revolution: A Synthetic Control Analysis," *Canadian Journal of Economics*, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 548-579, 2025.
[12]. O. N. Chisom et al., "Reviewing the Role of AI in Environmental Monitoring and Conservation: A Data-driven Revolution for Our Planet," *World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews*, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 161-171, 2024.
[13]. M. A. Salam, *Fundamentals of Electrical Power Systems Analysis*, Singapore: Springer, 2020.
[14]. A. Sharma, "Current Trends and Future Directions in Renewable Energy Systems," *International Journal for Research Publication and Seminar*, pp. 186-198, 2024.
[15]. M. G. Almihaat and J. L. Munda, "The Role of Smart Grid Technologies in Urban and Sustainable Energy Planning," *Energies*, vol. 18, no. 7, p. 1618, 2025.
[16]. E. A. Etukudoh et al., "Electrical Engineering in Renewable Energy Systems: A Review of Design and Integration Challenges," *Engineering Science & Technology Journal*, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 231-244, 2024.
[17]. M. Razeghi et al., "An Overview of Renewable Energy Technologies for the Simultaneous Production of High-Performance Power and Heat," *Future Energy*, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1-11, 2023.
[18]. A. Raihan, "An Overview of the Energy Segment of Indonesia: Present Situation, Prospects, and Forthcoming Advancements in Renewable Energy Technology," *Journal of Technology Innovations and Energy*, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 37-63, 2023.
[19]. J. J. Erickson, Y. C. Quintero, and K. L. Nelson, "Characterizing Supply Variability and Operational Challenges in an Intermittent Water Distribution Network," *Water*, vol. 12, no. 8, p. 2143, 2020.
[20]. J. Kaiser et al., "Effective Integration of Low-Cost Digital Manufacturing Systems: A Reference Architecture Driven Approach," *International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing*, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 1-22, 2025.
[21]. J. A. Cullen and S. S. Reynolds, "Market dynamics and investment in the electricity sector," *International Journal of Industrial Organization*, vol. 89, p. 102954, 2023.
[22]. P. Cameron et al., "Moving Beyond Oil and Gas: What Can We Learn from States in the Commonwealth?," 2021.
[23]. S. Herreras Martínez et al., "From consumers to pioneers: insights from thermal energy communities in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands," *Energy, Sustainability and Society*, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 5, 2025.
[24]. I. P. Idoko et al., "Renewable energy policies: A comparative analysis of Nigeria and the USA," *World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews*, vol. 21, no. 01, pp. 888-913, 2024.
[25]. K. Ukoba et al., "Optimizing renewable energy systems through artificial intelligence: Review and future prospects," *Energy & Environment*, vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 3833-3879, 2024.
[26]. Z. Q. Nwokediegwu et al., "Renewable energy technologies in engineering: A review of current developments and future prospects," *Engineering Science & Technology Journal*, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 367-384, 2024.
[27]. M. Ghiasi et al., "Evolution of smart grids towards the Internet of energy: Concept and essential components for deep decarbonisation," *IET Smart Grid*, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 86-102, 2023.
[28]. G. Bedi et al., "Review of Internet of Things (IoT) in electric power and energy systems," *IEEE Internet of Things Journal*, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 847-870, 2018.
[29]. N. O. Farrar, M. H. Ali, and D. Dasgupta, "Artificial intelligence and machine learning in grid connected wind turbine control systems: A comprehensive review," *Energies*, vol. 16, no. 3, p. 153, 2023.
[30]. R. Yuan et al., "Unleashing the benefits of smart grids by overcoming the challenges associated with low-resolution data," *Cell Reports Physical Science*, vol. 5, no. 2, 2024.
[31]. M. Aghahadi et al., "Digitalization processes in distribution grids: A comprehensive review of strategies and challenges," *Applied Sciences*, vol. 14, no. 11, p. 4528, 2024.
[32]. O. Akinsoto, E. Ogunnowo, and C. Ezeanochie, "The future of electric vehicles: Technological innovations and market trends," *Engineering and Technology Journal*, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 4392-4405, 2025.
[33]. X. Zhu et al., "Next-generation generalist energy artificial intelligence for navigating smart energy," *Cell Reports Physical Science*, vol. 5, no. 9, 2024.
[34]. S. Sahoo and P. Timmann, "Energy storage technologies for modern power systems: A detailed analysis of functionalities, potentials, and impacts," *IEEE Access*, vol. 11, pp. 49689-49729, 2023.
[35]. G. Zumofen, I. Stadelmann-Steffen, and R. Sträter, "The influence of information format and framing on acceptance of energy storage technologies," *Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews*, vol. 210, p. 115209, 2025.
[36]. L. Zhang et al., "Compressed air energy storage based on variable-volume air storage: A review," *Journal of Energy Storage*, vol. 110, p. 115361, 2025.
[37]. M. M. Islam et al., "Improving reliability and stability of the power systems: A comprehensive review on the role of energy storage systems to enhance flexibility," *IEEE Access*, vol. 14, 2024.
[38]. A. S. Razif et al., "Accelerating energy transition through battery energy storage systems deployment: A review on current status, potential and challenges in Malaysia," *Energy Strategy Reviews*, vol. 52, p. 101346, 2024.
[39]. D. Ekechukwu and P. Simpa, "A comprehensive review of innovative approaches in renewable energy storage," *International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences*, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 1133-1157, 2024.
[40]. W. Yang et al., "Pumped storage hydropower operation for supporting clean energy systems," *Nature Reviews Clean Technology*, pp. 1-20, 2025.
[41]. J. Moore and B. Shabani, "A critical study of stationary energy storage policies in Australia in an international context: the role of hydrogen and battery technologies," *Energies*, vol. 9, no. 9, p. 674, 2016.
[42]. M. Cavus, "Advancing power systems with renewable energy and intelligent technologies: A comprehensive review on grid transformation and integration," *Electronics*, vol. 14, no. 6, p. 1159, 2025.
[43]. O. Das et al., "Advancements in digital twin technology and machine learning for energy systems: A comprehensive review of applications in smart grids, renewable energy, and electric vehicle optimisation," *Energy Conversion and Management: X*, vol. 100715, 2024.
[44]. M. Yue et al., "Hydrogen energy systems: A critical review of technologies, applications, trends and challenges," *Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews*, vol. 146, p. 111180, 2021.
[45]. M. L. Di Silvestre et al., "Blockchain for power systems: Current trends and future applications," *Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews*, vol. 119, p. 109585, 2020.
[46]. D. E. Ekechukwu and P. Simpa, "The future of cybersecurity in renewable energy systems: A review, identifying challenges and proposing strategic solutions," *Computer Science & IT Research Journal*, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1265-1299, 2024.
[47]. N. K. John, C. C. Onwuagbu, and J. C. Chigozie, "Potential of integrated energy solution in Nigeria: Opportunities and challenges for sustainable development—multi facet assessment model," *Discover Sustainability*, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-19, 2025.
[48]. L. Mehigan et al., "A review of the role of distributed generation (DG) in future electricity systems," *Energy*, vol. 163, pp. 822-836, 2018.
[49]. I. Iacob, M. G. Morgan, and S. Curtis, "Barriers to creating a market for hydrogen: Insights from global roadmaps and stakeholders in the United States," *Energy Research & Social Science*, vol. 121, p. 103947, 2025.
[50]. O. A. Marzouk, "Summary of the 2023 report of TCEP (Tracking Clean Energy Progress) by the International Energy Agency (IEA), and proposed process for computing a single aggregate rating," in *E3S Web of Conferences*. EDP Sciences, 2025, p. 00048.
[51]. A. Meydani et al., "*Power-to-X*," in *Power-to-X in Regional Energy Systems: Planning, Operation, Control, and Market Perspectives*, 2025, p. 1.
[52]. Y. V. Bilan, O. Y. Chygryn, and S. I. Kolosok, "Environmental and economic impacts of energy transformation: Concepts, innovation and business models," 2021.
[53]. M. G. J. Den Elzen et al., "Uncertainties around net‐zero climate targets have major impact on greenhouse gas emissions projections," *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences*, 2025.
[54]. A. Mushtaq and S. Mahmood, "Analyzing the impact of smog on human health in district Lahore, Pakistan," *Int. J. Innov. Sci. Technol*, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 565-576, 2024.
[55]. A. Lohrmann et al., "Global scenarios for significant water use reduction in thermal power plants based on cooling water demand estimation using satellite imagery," *Nature Energy*, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 104-1048, 2019.
[56]. A. Riedacker, "A global land use and biomass approach to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel use and to preserve biodiversity," 2007.
[57]. Y. Wan et al., "The economic impact of artificial intelligence as a general-purpose technology and its innovations in economic research," 2024.
[58]. L. H. Melnyk et al., "Modern trends in the production of renewable energy: The cost-benefit approach," 2021.
[59]. R. Hanna, P. Heptonstall, and R. Gross, "Job creation in a low carbon transition to renewables and energy efficiency: A review of international evidence," *Sustainability Science*, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 125-150, 2024.
[60]. L. Jia and L. Tong, "Dynamic pricing and distributed energy management for demand response," *IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid*, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1128-1136, 2016.
[61]. M. De Rosa et al., "Diversification, concentration and renewability of the energy supply in the European Union," *Energy*, vol. 253, p. 124097, 2022.
[62]. A. R. R. Pery et al., "Perspectives for integrating human and environmental risk assessment and synergies with socio-economic analysis," *Science of the Total Environment*, vol. 456, pp. 307-316, 2013.
[63]. A. Ahmed, "Environmental economics: Balancing growth and sustainability," *Journal of Applied Finance and Economic Policy*, vol. 7, no. 01, pp. 1-18, 2023.
[64]. M. S. Shah Danish and T. Senjyu, "Shaping the future of sustainable energy through AI-enabled circular economy policies," *Circular Economy*, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 100040, 2023.
[65]. G. Araujo-Vizuete and A. Robalino-López, "A systematic roadmap for energy transition: Bridging governance and community engagement in Ecuador," *Smart Cities*, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 80, 2025.
[66]. M. L. Di Silvestre et al., "How decarbonization, digitalization and decentralization are changing key power infrastructures," *Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews*, vol. 93, pp. 483-498, 2018.
[67]. A. S. Razif et al., "Accelerating energy transition through battery energy storage systems deployment: A review on current status, potential and challenges in Malaysia," *Energy Strategy Reviews*, vol. 52, p. 101346, 2024.
[68]. J. L. Sawin, "National policy instruments: Policy lessons for the advancement and diffusion of renewable energy technologies around the world," in *Renewable Energy*, Routledge, 2012, pp. 71-114.
[69]. M. Arun et al., "Integration of energy storage systems and grid modernization for reliable urban power management toward future energy sustainability," *Journal of Energy Storage*, vol. 114, p. 115830, 2025.
[70]. J. S. González and R. Lacal-Arántegui, "A review of regulatory framework for wind energy in European Union countries: Current state and expected developments," *Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews*, vol. 56, pp. 588-602, 2016.
[71]. S. Häbel and E. Hakala, "Policy coherence for sustainable development and environmental security: A case study of European Union policies on renewable energy," *Environmental Policy and Governance*, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 633-646, 2021.
[72]. I. P. Idoko et al., "Renewable energy policies: A comparative analysis of Nigeria and the USA," *World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews*, vol. 21, no. 01, pp. 888-913, 2024.
[73]. D. J. Anifowose and O. O. Ikubanni, "Interrogating the impact of federalism on clean energy transition: A comparative study of Nigeria, the United States of America, and Australia," *Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy*, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 344-375, 2024.
[74]. R. Ramluckun, N. Malumbazo, and L. Ngubevana, "A review of the energy policies of the BRICS countries: The possibility of adopting a just energy transition for South Africa," *Sustainability*, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 703, 2024.
[75]. K.-B. Ooi et al., "The potential of generative artificial intelligence across disciplines: Perspectives and future directions," *Journal of Computer Information Systems*, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 76-107, 2025.
[76]. J. Wachter, L. Gröll, and V. Hagenmeyer, "Survey of real-world grid incidents–opportunities, arising challenges and lessons learned for the future converter dominated power system," *IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics*, vol. 5, pp. 50-69, 2023.
[77]. X. Guillaud et al., "Applications of real-time simulation technologies in power and energy systems," *IEEE Power and Energy Technology Systems Journal*, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 103-115, 2015.
[78]. M. Daud, F. M. Ugliotti, and A. Osello, "Comprehensive analysis of the use of Web-GIS for natural hazard management: A systematic review," *Sustainability*, vol. 16, no. 10, p. 4238, 2024.
[79]. E. G. Carayannis et al., "Technological learning for entrepreneurial development (TL4ED) in the knowledge economy (KE): Case studies and lessons learned," *Technovation*, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 419-443, 2006.
[80]. J. Radtke and D. Löw Beer, "Unpacking local energy conflicts: Drivers, narratives, and dynamics of right-wing populism and local resistance to energy transitions in Germany," 2024.
[81]. R. Rechsteiner, "German energy transition (Energiewende) and what politicians can learn for environmental and climate policy," *Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy*, vol. 23, pp. 305-342, 2021.
[82]. J. Radtke and C. Brzinsky-Fay, "Gaps in Mind: How Citizens Perceive Wind Energy in Germany. The Role of Planning, Participation, and Conflict Resolution in Overcoming Societal Divides."
[83]. B. Lin and J. Li, "Analyzing cost of grid-connection of renewable energy development in China," *Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews*, vol. 50, pp. 1373-1382, 2015.
[84]. A. Dai, "Energy planning for integrating renewable energy: A dilemma of utilizing ultra-high voltage transmission systems in China," *The Journal of World Energy Law & Business*, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 320-338, 2023..
[85]. Y. Cai and Y. Aoyama, "Fragmented authorities, institutional misalignments, and challenges to renewable energy transition: A case study of wind power curtailment in China," *Energy Research & Social Science*, vol. 41, pp. 71-79, 2018.
[86]. H. He et al., "China's battery electric vehicles lead the world: Achievements in technology system architecture and technological breakthroughs," *Green Energy and Intelligent Transportation*, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 100020, 2022.
[87]. K. Wang et al., "Analyzing the adoption challenges of the Internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) for smart cities in China," *Sustainability*, vol. 13, no. 19, p. 10983, 2021.
[88]. O. Apata, "Energizing Change: Policy Innovations for a Low-Carbon Future," in *2025 33rd Southern African Universities Power Engineering Conference (SAUPEC)*, IEEE, 2025, pp. 1-6.
[89]. S. Evro, B. A. Oni, and O. S. Tomomewo, "Global strategies for a low-carbon future: Lessons from the US, China, and EU's pursuit of carbon neutrality," *Journal of Cleaner Production*, vol. 142635, 2024.
[90]. R. Mendis, "Renewable energy integration and duck curve mitigation: Case California and Germany," 2024.
[91]. A. Karimdoost Yasuri, "Innovative Solutions to Climate Change: Evaluating the Most Effective Strategies," *Environmental Claims Journal*, pp. 1-33, 2024.
[92]. Q. Hassan et al., "Enhancing smart grid integrated renewable distributed generation capacities: Implications for sustainable energy transformation," *Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments*, vol. 66, p. 103793, 2024.
[93]. C. Bergaentzlé et al., "Electricity grid tariffs as a tool for flexible energy systems: A Danish case study," *Energy Policy*, vol. 126, pp. 12-21, 2019.
[94]. S.-C. Park and S.-K. Lee, "The innovation system and regional growth strategy in Denmark," *AI & Society*, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 292-308, 2005.
[95]. B. Gulisova, C. Horbel, and E. Noe, "Place branding and sustainable rural communities: Qualitative evidence from rural areas in Denmark," *Journal of Strategic Marketing*, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 356-377, 2025.
[96]. R. Sen and S. C. Bhattacharyya, "Renewable energy-based mini-grid for rural electrification: Case study of an Indian village," in *Mini-Grids for Rural Electrification of Developing Countries: Analysis and Case Studies from South Asia*, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014, pp. 203-232.
[97]. V. Chaturvedi et al., "India’s pathway to net zero by 207: Status, challenges, and way forward," *Environmental Research Letters*, vol. 19, no. 11, p. 112501, 2024.
[98]. V. Saini, "Skill development in India: Need, challenges and ways forward," *Abhinav National Monthly Refereed Journal of Research in Arts & Education*, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 1-9, 2015.
[99]. M. Kassem, A. Maciel, and D. Hall, "Conclusions: Cross-cutting themes, challenges," in *Blockchain, Smart Contracts and Distributed Ledger Technologies in the Built Environment: Key Concepts, Technologies, and Applications*, 2025, pp. 411.
[100]. J. Wylie and A. M. Ward, "The role of stakeholder communication in developing integrated reporting: A longitudinal public sector case study," *Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal*, 2025.
[101]. C. T. van der Lugt and N. Mans-Kemp, "Integrated reporting: A cross-cutting theoretical view on its use and value," *Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences*, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 703, 2022.
[102]. J. A. P. Lopes et al., "The future of power systems: Challenges, trends, and upcoming paradigms," *Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment*, vol. 9, no. 3, e368, 2020.
[103]. P. Arévalo and F. Jurado, "Impact of artificial intelligence on the planning and operation of distributed energy systems in smart grids," *Energies*, vol. 17, no. 17, p. 4501, 2024.
[104]. J. Lotze et al., "The complementary role of energy system and power grid models: An analysis of the European energy transformation from a holistic perspective," *Energy Conversion and Management*, vol. 315, p. 118761, 2024.
[105]. M. Barratt, T. Y. Choi, and M. Li, "Qualitative case studies in operations management: Trends, research outcomes, and future research implications," *Journal of Operations Management*, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 329-342, 2011.
[106]. T. A. Scandura and E. A. Williams, "Research methodology in management: Current practices, trends, and implications for future research," *Academy of Management Journal*, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 1248-1264, 2000.
[107]. M. S. Nazir et al., "Integrating FACTS technologies into renewable energy systems: Potential and challenges," *International Journal of Ambient Energy*, vol. 45, no. 1, p. 2409827, 2024.
[108]. J. Garwi, R. Masengu, and O. T. Chiwari, *Sustainable Practices for Agriculture and Marketing Convergence*, IGI Global, 2024.
[109]. V. Jagadeesan Nair, "Multiobjective Optimization-Based Design and Dispatch of Islanded, Hybrid Microgrids for Remote, Off-Grid Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa," in *Hybrid Microgrids for Remote, Off-Grid Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa*.
[110]. M. O. Agho et al., "Digital twin technology for real-time monitoring of energy supply chains," *International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science*, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 564-592, 2024.
[111]. I. Alhamrouni et al., "A comprehensive review on the role of artificial intelligence in power system stability, control, and protection: Insights and future directions," *Applied Sciences*, vol. 14, no. 14, p. 6214, 2024.
[112]. M. Marković, M. Bossart, and B.-M. Hodge, "Machine learning for modern power distribution systems: Progress and perspectives," *Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy*, vol. 15, no. 3, 2023.
[113]. D. Mhlanga, "Artificial intelligence and machine learning for energy consumption and production in emerging markets: A review," *Energies*, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 745, 2023.
[114]. P. Surarapu, "Emerging Trends in Smart Grid Technologies: An Overview of Future Power Systems," *International Journal of Reciprocal Symmetry and Theoretical Physics*, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 17-24, 2016.
[115]. C.-W. Ten and Y. Hou, *Modern Power System Analysis*, CRC Press, 2024.
[116]. A. M. Sadeq et al., "Hydrogen energy systems: Technologies, trends, and future prospects," *Science of The Total Environment*, vol. 939, p. 173622, 2024.
[117]. A. Q. Al-Shetwi et al., "Latest advancements in smart grid technologies and their transformative role in shaping the power systems of tomorrow: An overview," *Progress in Energy*, 2024.
[118]. M. Khalid, "Energy 4.: AI-enabled digital transformation for sustainable power networks," *Computers & Industrial Engineering*, vol. 193, p. 110253, 2024.
[119]. S. Roy, D. C. Das, and N. Sinha, "Optimizing Smart City Virtual Power Plants with V2G Integration for Improved Grid Resilience," in *2024 IEEE International Conference on Interdisciplinary Approaches in Technology and Management for Social Innovation (IATMSI)*, IEEE, 2024, pp. 1-6.
[120]. M. M. Alam et al., "Artificial intelligence integrated grid systems: Technologies, potential frameworks, challenges, and research directions," *Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews*, vol. 211, p. 115251, 2025.
[121]. H. H. Mousa, K. Mahmoud, and M. Lehtonen, "Recent developments of demand-side management towards flexible DER-rich power systems: A systematic review," *IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution*, vol. 18, no. 13, pp. 2259-2300, 2024.
[1] F. Mohammadi, "Emerging challenges in smart grid cybersecurity enhancement: A review," *Energies*, vol. 14, no. 5, p. 1380, 2021.
[2] E. E. Akhigbe et al., "Designing risk assessment models for large-scale renewable energy investment and financing projects," *International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation*, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1293–1308, 2024
[3] S. K. Kim and S. Park, "Impacts of renewable energy on climate vulnerability: A global perspective for energy transition in a climate adaptation framework," *Science of The Total Environment*, vol. 859, p. 160175, 2023.
[4] A. Hosseini et al., "Social acceptance of renewable energy in developing countries: challenges and opportunities," *Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal*, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 31–48, 2018.
[5]. L. Stegemann and M. Gutsch, "Environmental Impacts of Pyro- and Hydrometallurgical Recycling for Lithium-Ion Batteries–A Review," *Journal of Business Chemistry*, vol. 22, no. 1, 2025.
[6]. M. A. Alomari et al., "Security of Smart Grid: Cybersecurity Issues, Potential Cyberattacks, Major Incidents, and Future Directions," *Energies*, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 141, 2025.
[7]. Y. Chen and J. Liu, "Investment Trends in China's Renewable Energy Sector," *IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy*, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 814–823, Apr. 2020.
[8]. C. Carraro, Ed., *International Environmental Agreements on Climate Change*, Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
[9]. J. R. Laurel, "Regulatory Frameworks and Community Engagement Strategies: A Comparison of Belgian Policy Against Denmark and The Netherlands," 2024.
[10]. J. M. Cha, M. Wander, and M. Pastor, "Environmental Justice, Just Transition, and a Low-Carbon Future for California," *Environmental Law Reporter*, vol. 50, p. 10216, 2020.
[11]. V. Geloso and C. S. Reilly, "Revisiting Quebec's Quiet Revolution: A Synthetic Control Analysis," *Canadian Journal of Economics*, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 548-579, 2025.
[12]. O. N. Chisom et al., "Reviewing the Role of AI in Environmental Monitoring and Conservation: A Data-driven Revolution for Our Planet," *World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews*, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 161-171, 2024.
[13]. M. A. Salam, *Fundamentals of Electrical Power Systems Analysis*, Singapore: Springer, 2020.
[14]. A. Sharma, "Current Trends and Future Directions in Renewable Energy Systems," *International Journal for Research Publication and Seminar*, pp. 186-198, 2024.
[15]. M. G. Almihaat and J. L. Munda, "The Role of Smart Grid Technologies in Urban and Sustainable Energy Planning," *Energies*, vol. 18, no. 7, p. 1618, 2025.
[16]. E. A. Etukudoh et al., "Electrical Engineering in Renewable Energy Systems: A Review of Design and Integration Challenges," *Engineering Science & Technology Journal*, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 231-244, 2024.
[17]. M. Razeghi et al., "An Overview of Renewable Energy Technologies for the Simultaneous Production of High-Performance Power and Heat," *Future Energy*, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1-11, 2023.
[18]. A. Raihan, "An Overview of the Energy Segment of Indonesia: Present Situation, Prospects, and Forthcoming Advancements in Renewable Energy Technology," *Journal of Technology Innovations and Energy*, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 37-63, 2023.
[19]. J. J. Erickson, Y. C. Quintero, and K. L. Nelson, "Characterizing Supply Variability and Operational Challenges in an Intermittent Water Distribution Network," *Water*, vol. 12, no. 8, p. 2143, 2020.
[20]. J. Kaiser et al., "Effective Integration of Low-Cost Digital Manufacturing Systems: A Reference Architecture Driven Approach," *International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing*, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 1-22, 2025.
[21]. J. A. Cullen and S. S. Reynolds, "Market dynamics and investment in the electricity sector," *International Journal of Industrial Organization*, vol. 89, p. 102954, 2023.
[22]. P. Cameron et al., "Moving Beyond Oil and Gas: What Can We Learn from States in the Commonwealth?," 2021.
[23]. S. Herreras Martínez et al., "From consumers to pioneers: insights from thermal energy communities in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands," *Energy, Sustainability and Society*, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 5, 2025.
[24]. I. P. Idoko et al., "Renewable energy policies: A comparative analysis of Nigeria and the USA," *World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews*, vol. 21, no. 01, pp. 888-913, 2024.
[25]. K. Ukoba et al., "Optimizing renewable energy systems through artificial intelligence: Review and future prospects," *Energy & Environment*, vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 3833-3879, 2024.
[26]. Z. Q. Nwokediegwu et al., "Renewable energy technologies in engineering: A review of current developments and future prospects," *Engineering Science & Technology Journal*, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 367-384, 2024.
[27]. M. Ghiasi et al., "Evolution of smart grids towards the Internet of energy: Concept and essential components for deep decarbonisation," *IET Smart Grid*, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 86-102, 2023.
[28]. G. Bedi et al., "Review of Internet of Things (IoT) in electric power and energy systems," *IEEE Internet of Things Journal*, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 847-870, 2018.
[29]. N. O. Farrar, M. H. Ali, and D. Dasgupta, "Artificial intelligence and machine learning in grid connected wind turbine control systems: A comprehensive review," *Energies*, vol. 16, no. 3, p. 153, 2023.
[30]. R. Yuan et al., "Unleashing the benefits of smart grids by overcoming the challenges associated with low-resolution data," *Cell Reports Physical Science*, vol. 5, no. 2, 2024.
[31]. M. Aghahadi et al., "Digitalization processes in distribution grids: A comprehensive review of strategies and challenges," *Applied Sciences*, vol. 14, no. 11, p. 4528, 2024.
[32]. O. Akinsoto, E. Ogunnowo, and C. Ezeanochie, "The future of electric vehicles: Technological innovations and market trends," *Engineering and Technology Journal*, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 4392-4405, 2025.
[33]. X. Zhu et al., "Next-generation generalist energy artificial intelligence for navigating smart energy," *Cell Reports Physical Science*, vol. 5, no. 9, 2024.
[34]. S. Sahoo and P. Timmann, "Energy storage technologies for modern power systems: A detailed analysis of functionalities, potentials, and impacts," *IEEE Access*, vol. 11, pp. 49689-49729, 2023.
[35]. G. Zumofen, I. Stadelmann-Steffen, and R. Sträter, "The influence of information format and framing on acceptance of energy storage technologies," *Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews*, vol. 210, p. 115209, 2025.
[36]. L. Zhang et al., "Compressed air energy storage based on variable-volume air storage: A review," *Journal of Energy Storage*, vol. 110, p. 115361, 2025.
[37]. M. M. Islam et al., "Improving reliability and stability of the power systems: A comprehensive review on the role of energy storage systems to enhance flexibility," *IEEE Access*, vol. 14, 2024.
[38]. A. S. Razif et al., "Accelerating energy transition through battery energy storage systems deployment: A review on current status, potential and challenges in Malaysia," *Energy Strategy Reviews*, vol. 52, p. 101346, 2024.
[39]. D. Ekechukwu and P. Simpa, "A comprehensive review of innovative approaches in renewable energy storage," *International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences*, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 1133-1157, 2024.
[40]. W. Yang et al., "Pumped storage hydropower operation for supporting clean energy systems," *Nature Reviews Clean Technology*, pp. 1-20, 2025.
[41]. J. Moore and B. Shabani, "A critical study of stationary energy storage policies in Australia in an international context: the role of hydrogen and battery technologies," *Energies*, vol. 9, no. 9, p. 674, 2016.
[42]. M. Cavus, "Advancing power systems with renewable energy and intelligent technologies: A comprehensive review on grid transformation and integration," *Electronics*, vol. 14, no. 6, p. 1159, 2025.
[43]. O. Das et al., "Advancements in digital twin technology and machine learning for energy systems: A comprehensive review of applications in smart grids, renewable energy, and electric vehicle optimisation," *Energy Conversion and Management: X*, vol. 100715, 2024.
[44]. M. Yue et al., "Hydrogen energy systems: A critical review of technologies, applications, trends and challenges," *Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews*, vol. 146, p. 111180, 2021.
[45]. M. L. Di Silvestre et al., "Blockchain for power systems: Current trends and future applications," *Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews*, vol. 119, p. 109585, 2020.
[46]. D. E. Ekechukwu and P. Simpa, "The future of cybersecurity in renewable energy systems: A review, identifying challenges and proposing strategic solutions," *Computer Science & IT Research Journal*, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1265-1299, 2024.
[47]. N. K. John, C. C. Onwuagbu, and J. C. Chigozie, "Potential of integrated energy solution in Nigeria: Opportunities and challenges for sustainable development—multi facet assessment model," *Discover Sustainability*, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-19, 2025.
[48]. L. Mehigan et al., "A review of the role of distributed generation (DG) in future electricity systems," *Energy*, vol. 163, pp. 822-836, 2018.
[49]. I. Iacob, M. G. Morgan, and S. Curtis, "Barriers to creating a market for hydrogen: Insights from global roadmaps and stakeholders in the United States," *Energy Research & Social Science*, vol. 121, p. 103947, 2025.
[50]. O. A. Marzouk, "Summary of the 2023 report of TCEP (Tracking Clean Energy Progress) by the International Energy Agency (IEA), and proposed process for computing a single aggregate rating," in *E3S Web of Conferences*. EDP Sciences, 2025, p. 00048.
[51]. A. Meydani et al., "*Power-to-X*," in *Power-to-X in Regional Energy Systems: Planning, Operation, Control, and Market Perspectives*, 2025, p. 1.
[52]. Y. V. Bilan, O. Y. Chygryn, and S. I. Kolosok, "Environmental and economic impacts of energy transformation: Concepts, innovation and business models," 2021.
[53]. M. G. J. Den Elzen et al., "Uncertainties around net‐zero climate targets have major impact on greenhouse gas emissions projections," *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences*, 2025.
[54]. A. Mushtaq and S. Mahmood, "Analyzing the impact of smog on human health in district Lahore, Pakistan," *Int. J. Innov. Sci. Technol*, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 565-576, 2024.
[55]. A. Lohrmann et al., "Global scenarios for significant water use reduction in thermal power plants based on cooling water demand estimation using satellite imagery," *Nature Energy*, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 104-1048, 2019.
[56]. A. Riedacker, "A global land use and biomass approach to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel use and to preserve biodiversity," 2007.
[57]. Y. Wan et al., "The economic impact of artificial intelligence as a general-purpose technology and its innovations in economic research," 2024.
[58]. L. H. Melnyk et al., "Modern trends in the production of renewable energy: The cost-benefit approach," 2021.
[59]. R. Hanna, P. Heptonstall, and R. Gross, "Job creation in a low carbon transition to renewables and energy efficiency: A review of international evidence," *Sustainability Science*, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 125-150, 2024.
[60]. L. Jia and L. Tong, "Dynamic pricing and distributed energy management for demand response," *IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid*, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1128-1136, 2016.
[61]. M. De Rosa et al., "Diversification, concentration and renewability of the energy supply in the European Union," *Energy*, vol. 253, p. 124097, 2022.
[62]. A. R. R. Pery et al., "Perspectives for integrating human and environmental risk assessment and synergies with socio-economic analysis," *Science of the Total Environment*, vol. 456, pp. 307-316, 2013.
[63]. A. Ahmed, "Environmental economics: Balancing growth and sustainability," *Journal of Applied Finance and Economic Policy*, vol. 7, no. 01, pp. 1-18, 2023.
[64]. M. S. Shah Danish and T. Senjyu, "Shaping the future of sustainable energy through AI-enabled circular economy policies," *Circular Economy*, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 100040, 2023.
[65]. G. Araujo-Vizuete and A. Robalino-López, "A systematic roadmap for energy transition: Bridging governance and community engagement in Ecuador," *Smart Cities*, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 80, 2025.
[66]. M. L. Di Silvestre et al., "How decarbonization, digitalization and decentralization are changing key power infrastructures," *Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews*, vol. 93, pp. 483-498, 2018.
[67]. A. S. Razif et al., "Accelerating energy transition through battery energy storage systems deployment: A review on current status, potential and challenges in Malaysia," *Energy Strategy Reviews*, vol. 52, p. 101346, 2024.
[68]. J. L. Sawin, "National policy instruments: Policy lessons for the advancement and diffusion of renewable energy technologies around the world," in *Renewable Energy*, Routledge, 2012, pp. 71-114.
[69]. M. Arun et al., "Integration of energy storage systems and grid modernization for reliable urban power management toward future energy sustainability," *Journal of Energy Storage*, vol. 114, p. 115830, 2025.
[70]. J. S. González and R. Lacal-Arántegui, "A review of regulatory framework for wind energy in European Union countries: Current state and expected developments," *Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews*, vol. 56, pp. 588-602, 2016.
[71]. S. Häbel and E. Hakala, "Policy coherence for sustainable development and environmental security: A case study of European Union policies on renewable energy," *Environmental Policy and Governance*, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 633-646, 2021.
[72]. I. P. Idoko et al., "Renewable energy policies: A comparative analysis of Nigeria and the USA," *World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews*, vol. 21, no. 01, pp. 888-913, 2024.
[73]. D. J. Anifowose and O. O. Ikubanni, "Interrogating the impact of federalism on clean energy transition: A comparative study of Nigeria, the United States of America, and Australia," *Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy*, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 344-375, 2024.
[74]. R. Ramluckun, N. Malumbazo, and L. Ngubevana, "A review of the energy policies of the BRICS countries: The possibility of adopting a just energy transition for South Africa," *Sustainability*, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 703, 2024.
[75]. K.-B. Ooi et al., "The potential of generative artificial intelligence across disciplines: Perspectives and future directions," *Journal of Computer Information Systems*, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 76-107, 2025.
[76]. J. Wachter, L. Gröll, and V. Hagenmeyer, "Survey of real-world grid incidents–opportunities, arising challenges and lessons learned for the future converter dominated power system," *IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics*, vol. 5, pp. 50-69, 2023.
[77]. X. Guillaud et al., "Applications of real-time simulation technologies in power and energy systems," *IEEE Power and Energy Technology Systems Journal*, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 103-115, 2015.
[78]. M. Daud, F. M. Ugliotti, and A. Osello, "Comprehensive analysis of the use of Web-GIS for natural hazard management: A systematic review," *Sustainability*, vol. 16, no. 10, p. 4238, 2024.
[79]. E. G. Carayannis et al., "Technological learning for entrepreneurial development (TL4ED) in the knowledge economy (KE): Case studies and lessons learned," *Technovation*, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 419-443, 2006.
[80]. J. Radtke and D. Löw Beer, "Unpacking local energy conflicts: Drivers, narratives, and dynamics of right-wing populism and local resistance to energy transitions in Germany," 2024.
[81]. R. Rechsteiner, "German energy transition (Energiewende) and what politicians can learn for environmental and climate policy," *Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy*, vol. 23, pp. 305-342, 2021.
[82]. J. Radtke and C. Brzinsky-Fay, "Gaps in Mind: How Citizens Perceive Wind Energy in Germany. The Role of Planning, Participation, and Conflict Resolution in Overcoming Societal Divides."
[83]. B. Lin and J. Li, "Analyzing cost of grid-connection of renewable energy development in China," *Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews*, vol. 50, pp. 1373-1382, 2015.
[84]. A. Dai, "Energy planning for integrating renewable energy: A dilemma of utilizing ultra-high voltage transmission systems in China," *The Journal of World Energy Law & Business*, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 320-338, 2023..
[85]. Y. Cai and Y. Aoyama, "Fragmented authorities, institutional misalignments, and challenges to renewable energy transition: A case study of wind power curtailment in China," *Energy Research & Social Science*, vol. 41, pp. 71-79, 2018.
[86]. H. He et al., "China's battery electric vehicles lead the world: Achievements in technology system architecture and technological breakthroughs," *Green Energy and Intelligent Transportation*, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 100020, 2022.
[87]. K. Wang et al., "Analyzing the adoption challenges of the Internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) for smart cities in China," *Sustainability*, vol. 13, no. 19, p. 10983, 2021.
[88]. O. Apata, "Energizing Change: Policy Innovations for a Low-Carbon Future," in *2025 33rd Southern African Universities Power Engineering Conference (SAUPEC)*, IEEE, 2025, pp. 1-6.
[89]. S. Evro, B. A. Oni, and O. S. Tomomewo, "Global strategies for a low-carbon future: Lessons from the US, China, and EU's pursuit of carbon neutrality," *Journal of Cleaner Production*, vol. 142635, 2024.
[90]. R. Mendis, "Renewable energy integration and duck curve mitigation: Case California and Germany," 2024.
[91]. A. Karimdoost Yasuri, "Innovative Solutions to Climate Change: Evaluating the Most Effective Strategies," *Environmental Claims Journal*, pp. 1-33, 2024.
[92]. Q. Hassan et al., "Enhancing smart grid integrated renewable distributed generation capacities: Implications for sustainable energy transformation," *Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments*, vol. 66, p. 103793, 2024.
[93]. C. Bergaentzlé et al., "Electricity grid tariffs as a tool for flexible energy systems: A Danish case study," *Energy Policy*, vol. 126, pp. 12-21, 2019.
[94]. S.-C. Park and S.-K. Lee, "The innovation system and regional growth strategy in Denmark," *AI & Society*, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 292-308, 2005.
[95]. B. Gulisova, C. Horbel, and E. Noe, "Place branding and sustainable rural communities: Qualitative evidence from rural areas in Denmark," *Journal of Strategic Marketing*, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 356-377, 2025.
[96]. R. Sen and S. C. Bhattacharyya, "Renewable energy-based mini-grid for rural electrification: Case study of an Indian village," in *Mini-Grids for Rural Electrification of Developing Countries: Analysis and Case Studies from South Asia*, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014, pp. 203-232.
[97]. V. Chaturvedi et al., "India’s pathway to net zero by 207: Status, challenges, and way forward," *Environmental Research Letters*, vol. 19, no. 11, p. 112501, 2024.
[98]. V. Saini, "Skill development in India: Need, challenges and ways forward," *Abhinav National Monthly Refereed Journal of Research in Arts & Education*, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 1-9, 2015.
[99]. M. Kassem, A. Maciel, and D. Hall, "Conclusions: Cross-cutting themes, challenges," in *Blockchain, Smart Contracts and Distributed Ledger Technologies in the Built Environment: Key Concepts, Technologies, and Applications*, 2025, pp. 411.
[100]. J. Wylie and A. M. Ward, "The role of stakeholder communication in developing integrated reporting: A longitudinal public sector case study," *Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal*, 2025.
[101]. C. T. van der Lugt and N. Mans-Kemp, "Integrated reporting: A cross-cutting theoretical view on its use and value," *Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences*, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 703, 2022.
[102]. J. A. P. Lopes et al., "The future of power systems: Challenges, trends, and upcoming paradigms," *Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment*, vol. 9, no. 3, e368, 2020.
[103]. P. Arévalo and F. Jurado, "Impact of artificial intelligence on the planning and operation of distributed energy systems in smart grids," *Energies*, vol. 17, no. 17, p. 4501, 2024.
[104]. J. Lotze et al., "The complementary role of energy system and power grid models: An analysis of the European energy transformation from a holistic perspective," *Energy Conversion and Management*, vol. 315, p. 118761, 2024.
[105]. M. Barratt, T. Y. Choi, and M. Li, "Qualitative case studies in operations management: Trends, research outcomes, and future research implications," *Journal of Operations Management*, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 329-342, 2011.
[106]. T. A. Scandura and E. A. Williams, "Research methodology in management: Current practices, trends, and implications for future research," *Academy of Management Journal*, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 1248-1264, 2000.
[107]. M. S. Nazir et al., "Integrating FACTS technologies into renewable energy systems: Potential and challenges," *International Journal of Ambient Energy*, vol. 45, no. 1, p. 2409827, 2024.
[108]. J. Garwi, R. Masengu, and O. T. Chiwari, *Sustainable Practices for Agriculture and Marketing Convergence*, IGI Global, 2024.
[109]. V. Jagadeesan Nair, "Multiobjective Optimization-Based Design and Dispatch of Islanded, Hybrid Microgrids for Remote, Off-Grid Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa," in *Hybrid Microgrids for Remote, Off-Grid Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa*.
[110]. M. O. Agho et al., "Digital twin technology for real-time monitoring of energy supply chains," *International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science*, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 564-592, 2024.
[111]. I. Alhamrouni et al., "A comprehensive review on the role of artificial intelligence in power system stability, control, and protection: Insights and future directions," *Applied Sciences*, vol. 14, no. 14, p. 6214, 2024.
[112]. M. Marković, M. Bossart, and B.-M. Hodge, "Machine learning for modern power distribution systems: Progress and perspectives," *Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy*, vol. 15, no. 3, 2023.
[113]. D. Mhlanga, "Artificial intelligence and machine learning for energy consumption and production in emerging markets: A review," *Energies*, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 745, 2023.
[114]. P. Surarapu, "Emerging Trends in Smart Grid Technologies: An Overview of Future Power Systems," *International Journal of Reciprocal Symmetry and Theoretical Physics*, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 17-24, 2016.
[115]. C.-W. Ten and Y. Hou, *Modern Power System Analysis*, CRC Press, 2024.
[116]. A. M. Sadeq et al., "Hydrogen energy systems: Technologies, trends, and future prospects," *Science of The Total Environment*, vol. 939, p. 173622, 2024.
[117]. A. Q. Al-Shetwi et al., "Latest advancements in smart grid technologies and their transformative role in shaping the power systems of tomorrow: An overview," *Progress in Energy*, 2024.
[118]. M. Khalid, "Energy 4.: AI-enabled digital transformation for sustainable power networks," *Computers & Industrial Engineering*, vol. 193, p. 110253, 2024.
[119]. S. Roy, D. C. Das, and N. Sinha, "Optimizing Smart City Virtual Power Plants with V2G Integration for Improved Grid Resilience," in *2024 IEEE International Conference on Interdisciplinary Approaches in Technology and Management for Social Innovation (IATMSI)*, IEEE, 2024, pp. 1-6.
[120]. M. M. Alam et al., "Artificial intelligence integrated grid systems: Technologies, potential frameworks, challenges, and research directions," *Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews*, vol. 211, p. 115251, 2025.
[121]. H. H. Mousa, K. Mahmoud, and M. Lehtonen, "Recent developments of demand-side management towards flexible DER-rich power systems: A systematic review," *IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution*, vol. 18, no. 13, pp. 2259-2300, 2024.
