Polypropylene Filter Coated with Modified TiO₂ Nanoparticles and β-Cyclodextrin for Microbial Deactivation under Visible Light
محورهای موضوعی : Applied Nanomaterials and smart polymersNiloofar Rafizadeh 1 , Anahita Bahrami 2
1 -
2 - مهندسی شیمی نساجی، دانشگاه آزادد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات
کلید واژه: TiO2 Nanoparticles, β-Cyclodextrin, Polypropylene Filter, Visible Light.,
چکیده مقاله :
Air filtration systems capable of not only capturing but also inactivating airborne microorganisms are crucial for maintaining air quality. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a well-known photocatalyst, but its activity is largely confined to the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum. This research investigates the development of antibacterial air filters active under visible light by coating polypropylene (PP) nonwoven SSMMS filters with TiO2 nanoparticles and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Filters were prepared using different coating sequences (sequential and simultaneous) and characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) to analyze surface morphology and nanoparticle distribution. Photocatalytic activity under visible light (300W fluorescent lamp) was assessed via the degradation of methylene blue (MB), monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Antibacterial efficacy was evaluated against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus using the AATCC 100 method. Results indicated a significant synergistic enhancement in both photocatalytic MB degradation and bacterial inactivation for filters coated with both TiO2 and β-CD compared to TiO2 alone. The coating sequence profoundly influenced performance, with the filter prepared by first coating with β-CD followed by TiO2 (Sample C) exhibiting the highest MB degradation (90% in 120 min) and the most potent antibacterial activity against both bacterial strains. These findings demonstrate that combining β-CD with TiO2 on PP filters, particularly using a sequential β-CD-first approach, yields a promising material for visible-light-driven antibacterial air filtration. The enhancement is attributed to the synergistic interaction where β-CD likely promotes reactant adsorption near the TiO2 surface, facilitating photocatalytic processes under visible light irradiation.
Air filtration systems capable of not only capturing but also inactivating airborne microorganisms are crucial for maintaining air quality. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a well-known photocatalyst, but its activity is largely confined to the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum. This research investigates the development of antibacterial air filters active under visible light by coating polypropylene (PP) nonwoven SSMMS filters with TiO2 nanoparticles and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Filters were prepared using different coating sequences (sequential and simultaneous) and characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) to analyze surface morphology and nanoparticle distribution. Photocatalytic activity under visible light (300W fluorescent lamp) was assessed via the degradation of methylene blue (MB), monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Antibacterial efficacy was evaluated against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus using the AATCC 100 method. Results indicated a significant synergistic enhancement in both photocatalytic MB degradation and bacterial inactivation for filters coated with both TiO2 and β-CD compared to TiO2 alone. The coating sequence profoundly influenced performance, with the filter prepared by first coating with β-CD followed by TiO2 (Sample C) exhibiting the highest MB degradation (90% in 120 min) and the most potent antibacterial activity against both bacterial strains. These findings demonstrate that combining β-CD with TiO2 on PP filters, particularly using a sequential β-CD-first approach, yields a promising material for visible-light-driven antibacterial air filtration. The enhancement is attributed to the synergistic interaction where β-CD likely promotes reactant adsorption near the TiO2 surface, facilitating photocatalytic processes under visible light irradiation.
Adeoye, O., & Cabral-Marques, H. (2017). Cyclodextrin Nanosystems in Oral Drug Delivery: A Mini Review. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 79, 909-916. 18 (Placeholder: Needs full verification and formatting)
Asahi, R., Morikawa, T., Ohwaki, T., Aoki, K., & Taga, Y. (2001). Visible-light photocatalysis in nitrogen-doped titanium oxides. Science, 293(5527), 269–271. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1061051 1
Fujishima, A., & Honda, K. (1972). Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature, 238(5358), 37–38. https://doi.org/10.1038/238037a0
Khan, M. M., Adil, S. F., & Al-Mayouf, A. (2015). Metal oxide nanoparticles in catalysis. In Nanomaterials Based Catalysts (pp. 40-58). Elsevier. 1 (Placeholder: Example citation, needs verification and refinement based on Khan et al. 2015 context in prompt)
Li, Y., Zhang, W., Niu, J., & Chen, Y. (2009). Mechanism of photogenerated charge separation and recombination in rutile TiO₂(110) surface with oxygen vacancy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113(21), 9715-9722. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9016818 (Placeholder: Example citation, needs verification and refinement based on Li et al. 2009 context in prompt)
Monreal-Pérez, P., Isasi, J. R., González-Benito, J., Olmos, D., & González-Gaitano, G. (2018). Cyclodextrin-Grafted TiO₂ Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Complexation Capacity, and Dispersion in Polymeric Matrices. Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), 8(9), 642. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8090642 19
Additional Placeholder Citations based on Snippets (Examples - require full literature search and APA formatting):
● Placeholder citation for review on TiO₂ photocatalysis mechanisms 1
● Placeholder citation for review on TiO₂ visible light modification strategies 1
● Placeholder citation for review on β-CD properties and complexation 11
● Placeholder citation for review on β-CD applications with nanoparticles 13
● Placeholder citation for review on photocatalytic antibacterial mechanisms/ROS 1
● Placeholder citation for comparison literature on MB degradation
● Placeholder citation for comparison literature on photocatalytic antibacterial activity
● Placeholder citation for review on air pollution and health effects
● Placeholder citation for review on air filter limitations
(End of Reference List Placeholders)
Works cited
1. Visible-Light Active Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials with ..., accessed May 1, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7022691/
2. Modification strategies of TiO2 for potential applications in photocatalysis: a critical review, accessed May 1, 2025, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17518253.2018.1440324
3. Modified TiO2 For Environmental Photocatalytic Applications: A Review | Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research - ACS Publications, accessed May 1, 2025, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie303468t
4. Visible-Light-Active TiO2-Based Hybrid Nanocatalysts for Environmental Applications, accessed May 1, 2025, https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/7/4/100
5. A Review of Synthesis Methods, Modifications, and Mechanisms of ZnO/TiO2-Based Photocatalysts for Photodegradation of Contaminants | ACS Omega - ACS Publications, accessed May 1, 2025, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.3c08717
6. Modified Titanium Dioxide for Photocatalytic Applications - Semantic Scholar, accessed May 1, 2025, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0b75/1a9a4e347d9a1bd43361520392e0d598f7c2.pdf
7. Enhancing Photocatalytic Properties of TiO2 Photocatalyst and ..., accessed May 1, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10742597/
8. How can the photocatalytic effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to visible light be improved? | ResearchGate, accessed May 1, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/post/How-can-the-photocatalytic-effect-of-titanium-dioxide-nanoparticles-to-visible-light-be-improved
9. Harnessing visible light: enhancing TiO2 photocatalysis with photosensitizers for sustainable and efficient environmental solutions - Frontiers, accessed May 1, 2025, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/chemical-engineering/articles/10.3389/fceng.2024.1356021/full
10. Titanium-Dioxide-Based Visible-Light-Sensitive Photocatalysis: Mechanistic Insight and Applications - MDPI, accessed May 1, 2025, https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/9/2/201
11. Cyclodextrins: Structural, Chemical, and Physical Properties, and ..., accessed May 1, 2025, https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4176/3/1/1
12. Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges: Overview and ... - Frontiers, accessed May 1, 2025, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/chemistry/articles/10.3389/fchem.2022.859406/full
13. Advances in Cyclodextrin-Capped Gold Nanoparticles | IJN - Dove Medical Press, accessed May 1, 2025, https://www.dovepress.com/recent-advances-in-the-pharmaceutical-and-biomedical-applications-of-c-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJN
14. Cyclodextrin capped gold nanoparticles (AuNP@CDs): From synthesis to applications | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed May 1, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349199609_Cyclodextrin_capped_gold_nanoparticles_AuNPCDs_From_synthesis_to_applications
15. Green Synthesis of Magnetic Supramolecules β-Cyclodextrin/Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Applications | ACS Omega, accessed May 1, 2025, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.3c04117
16. Green Synthesis of Magnetic Supramolecules β-Cyclodextrin/Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Applications - PubMed Central, accessed May 1, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10483690/
17. Synthesis of β-Cyclodextrin@gold Nanoparticles and Its Application on Colorimetric Assays for Ascorbic Acid and Salmonella Based on Peroxidase-like Activities - PMC, accessed May 1, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048340/
18. Cyclodextrin Nanosystems in Oral Drug Delivery: A Mini Review | Request PDF, accessed May 1, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316478008_Cyclodextrin_Nanosystems_in_Oral_Drug_Delivery_A_Mini_Review
19. Cyclodextrin-Grafted TiO₂ Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Complexation Capacity, and Dispersion in Polymeric Matrices - PubMed, accessed May 1, 2025, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30131472/
20. Cyclodextrin-grafted nanoparticles as food preservative carriers | Request PDF, accessed May 1, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343274572_Cyclodextrin-grafted_nanoparticles_as_food_preservative_carriers
21. Aging Studies on Food Packaging Films Containing -Cyclodextrin-Grafted TiO2 Nanoparticles - Semantic Scholar, accessed May 1, 2025, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c32a/8b8530443acb16c4089491cf0689152204fe.pdf
22. Cyclodextrin-Grafted TiO2 Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Complexation ..., accessed May 1, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6163943/
23. 2-Naphthol Complexation by β-Cyclodextrin: Influence of Added Short Linear Alcohols | The Journal of Physical Chemistry - ACS Publications, accessed May 1, 2025, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp961575e
24. Cyclodextrin-Grafted TiO2 Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Complexation Capacity, and Dispersion in Polymeric Matrices - MDPI, accessed May 1, 2025, https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/8/9/642
25. Cyclodextrin directed self-assembly of TiO2 nanoparticles | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed May 1, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260940689_Cyclodextrin_directed_self-assembly_of_TiO2_nanoparticles
26. Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Progress in Synthesis and Application in Drug Delivery, accessed May 1, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11434736/
27. Cyclodextrin-Based Functional Glyconanomaterials | DIGITAL.CSIC, accessed May 1, 2025, https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/225724
28. Cyclodextrin-grafted nanoparticles as food preservative carriers, accessed May 1, 2025, https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/42OGw0Bl/
29. β-Cyclodextrin Functionalized Au@Ag Core-Shell Nanoparticles: Plasmonic Sensors for Cysteamine and Efficient Nanocatalysts for Nitrobenzene-to-Aniline Conversion - MDPI, accessed May 1, 2025, https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/14/11/544
30. Nanomaterials: a review of synthesis methods, properties, recent progress, and challenges, accessed May 1, 2025, https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2021/ma/d0ma00807a
