Evaluation of Maintenance Requirements and Dietary Energetics in Jersey Steers Feeding under Feedlot System
محورهای موضوعی :A. Plascencia 1 , P.H.V. Carvalho 2 , B.C. Latack 3 , R.A. Zinn 4
1 - Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán 80260, Sinaloa, Mexico
2 - CSU AgNext, Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523, USA
3 - Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Holtville 92250, USA
4 - Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
کلید واژه: energetics, feedlot system, Jersey steers, maintenance coefficient, performance,
چکیده مقاله :
Two trials were conducted to evaluate maintenance energy requirements and feedlot growth performance of calf-fed Jersey steers. In trial 1, 30 Jersey calves (49.7±6.8 kg) were fed during the 524 d growing-finishing period to derive the maintenance coefficient (MQ). Overall, average daily gain (ADG, kg), dry matter in-take (DMI, kg), and gain-to-feed ratio (GF) were 0.76, 5.09, and 0.150, respectively. The derived MQ based on observed energy intake and ADG was 0.114, this value is 35% greater than 0.084 specified to Holstein steers. To validate the applicability of the MQ coefficient derived in Trial 1, we used 80 Jersey calves (101.5±4.1 kg), which were randomly assigned to diets containing 12 or 24% forage. Overall, steer per-formance measures for the 12 and 24% forage diets were ADG (0.96 vs. 0.99 kg, P=0.12), DMI (5.95 vs. 6.15 kg, P=0.04), and GF (0.166 vs. 0.156, P<0.01). Thus, the high-forage diet increased DMI and de-creased GF. Applying the MQ of 0.114 derived in Trial 1, the estimated dietary net energy (NE) for Trial 2 was in close agreement with the expected, averaging 1.02 and 1.00 for steers receiving the 12 and 24% for-age levels, respectively. It is concluded that the MQ of calf-fed Jersey steers is 35% greater than Holstein steers. Increasing dietary forage level to 24% decreased gain efficiency but did not appreciably affect daily weight gain.
Two trials were conducted to evaluate maintenance energy requirements and feedlot growth performance of calf-fed Jersey steers. In trial 1, 30 Jersey calves (49.7±6.8 kg) were fed during the 524 d growing-finishing period to derive the maintenance coefficient (MQ). Overall, average daily gain (ADG, kg), dry matter in-take (DMI, kg), and gain-to-feed ratio (GF) were 0.76, 5.09, and 0.150, respectively. The derived MQ based on observed energy intake and ADG was 0.114, this value is 35% greater than 0.084 specified to Holstein steers. To validate the applicability of the MQ coefficient derived in Trial 1, we used 80 Jersey calves (101.5±4.1 kg), which were randomly assigned to diets containing 12 or 24% forage. Overall, steer per-formance measures for the 12 and 24% forage diets were ADG (0.96 vs. 0.99 kg, P=0.12), DMI (5.95 vs. 6.15 kg, P=0.04), and GF (0.166 vs. 0.156, P<0.01). Thus, the high-forage diet increased DMI and de-creased GF. Applying the MQ of 0.114 derived in Trial 1, the estimated dietary net energy (NE) for Trial 2 was in close agreement with the expected, averaging 1.02 and 1.00 for steers receiving the 12 and 24% for-age levels, respectively. It is concluded that the MQ of calf-fed Jersey steers is 35% greater than Holstein steers. Increasing dietary forage level to 24% decreased gain efficiency but did not appreciably affect daily weight gain.
AOAC. (2000). Official Methods of Analysis. 17th Ed. Associa-tion of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, Washington, DC., USA.
Barajas R., Garces R. and Zinn R.A. (2013). Interaction of shade and feeding management on feedlot performance of crossbred steers during seasonal periods of high ambient temperature. Prof. Anim. Sci. 29(6), 645-651.
Bechtel W. (2018). Stabilizing Jersey calf prices for beef markets with crossbreeding. Available online at: https://www.thepacker.com/markets/know-your-market/stabilizing-jersey-calf-prices-beef–crossbreeding mar-kets-crossbreeding.
Beecher M., Buckley F., Waters S.M., Boland T.M., Enriquez-Hidalgo D.,Deighton M.H., O’Donovan M. and Lewis E. (2014). Gastrointestinal tract size, total-tract digestibility, and rumen microflora in different dairy cow genotypes. J. Dairy Sci. 97(6), 3906-3917.
Berry D.P., Judge M.J., Evans R.D., Buckley F. and Cromie A.R. (2018). Carcass characteristics of cattle differing in Jersey proportion. J. Dairy Sci. 101(12), 11052-11060.
Boykin C.A., Eastwood L.C., Harris M.K., Hale D.S., Kerth C.R., Griffin D.B., Arnold A.N., Hasty J.D., Belk K.E., Woerner D.R., Delmore R.J., Martin J.N., VanOverbeke D.L., Mafi G.G., Pfeiffer M.M., Lawrence T.E., McEvers T.J., Schmidt T.B., Maddock R.J., Johnson D.D., Carr C.C., Scheffler J.M., Pringle T.D., Stelzleni A.M., Gottlieb J. and Savell J.W. (2017). National Beef Quality Audit–2016: In-plant survey of carcass characteristics related to quality, quantity, and value of fed steers and heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 95(17), 2993-3002.
Brown-Brandl T.M. (2018). Understanding heat stress in beef cattle. Rev. Bras. Zootec. 47, e20160414.
Cabezas-Garcia E.H., Lowe D. and Lively F. (2021). Energy re-quirements of beef cattle: Current energy systems and factors influencing energy requirements for maintenance. Animals. 11, 1642-1652.
Carvalho P.H.V., Latack B.C., Ferraz Jr M.V.C., Flores R., San-chez-Cruz G., Montaño M.F. and Zinn R.A. (2023). The ef-fects of NutraGen supplement on cattle growth performance, energetic efficiency, carcass characteristics, and characteristics of digestion in calf-fed Holstein steers. Front. Vet. Sci. 10, 1-10.
Caton J.S., Bauer M.L. and Hidari H. (2000). Metabolic compo-nents of energy expenditure in growing beef cattle: Review. Asian Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 13(5), 702-710.
Cole J.W., Ramsey C.B., Hobbs C.S. and Temple R.S. (1964). Effects of type and breed of British, zebu, and dairy cattle on production, carcass composition, and palatability. J. Dairy Sci. 47(10), 1138-1144.
Cole N.A., Johnson R.R. and Owens F.N. (1976). Influence of roughage level on the site and extent of digestion of whole shelled corn by beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 43(2), 483-489.
Coyne J.M., Evans R.D. and Berry D.P. (2019). Dressing percent-age and the differential between live weight and carcass weight in cattle are influenced by both genetic and non-genetic factors. J. Anim. Sci. 97(4), 1501-1512.
Ferrell C.L. and Jenkins T.G. (1985). Cow type and the nutritional environment: Nutritional aspects. J. Anim. Sci. 61(3), 725-741.
Flores R., Plascencia A., Barreras A., Salinas-Chavira J., Torren-tera N. and Zinn R.A. (2022). Influence of arrival weight of Holstein steers of similar age on feedlot growth performance, dietary energetics, and carcass characteristics. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res. 9(1), 59-65.
Garrett W. (1971). Energetic efficiency of beef and dairy steers. J. Anim. Sci. 31(3), 452-456.
Guinan F.L., Norman H.D. and Dürr J.W. (2019). Changes occur-ring in the breed composition of US dairy herds. Int. Bull. 55, 11-16.
Hahn G.L. (1999). Dynamic responses of cattle to thermal heat loads. J. Anim. Sci. 77(2), 10-20.
Hales K.E. (2019). Relationships between digestible energy and metabolizable energy in current feedlot diets. Trans. Anim. Sci. 3(3), 945-952.
Heins B.J., Hansen L.B., Seykora A.J., Hazel A.R., Johnson D.G. and Linn J.G. (2008). Crossbreds of Jersey × Holstein com-pared with pure Holsteins for body weight, body condition score, dry matter intake, and feed efficiency during the first one hundred fifty days of first lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 91(9), 3716-3722.
Jaborek J.R., Zerby H.N., Moeller S.J., Fluharty F.L. and Relling A.E. (2019). Evaluation of feedlot performance, carcass char-acteristics, carcass retail cut distribution, Warner-Bratzler shear force, and fatty acid composition of purebred Jersey and crossbred Jersey steers. Trans. Anim. Sci. 3(4), 1475-1491.
Kempster A.J. (1981). Fat partition and distribution in the car-casses of cattle, sheep and pigs: A review. Meat Sci. 5(2), 83-98.
Latack B.C., Buenabad L., Carvalho P.H.V., Montano M.F. and Zinn R.A. (2021). Influences of timing of liver abscess control and early metabolizable amino acid supplementation on feed-lot growth-performance and digestive function of calf-fed Holstein steers. Appl. Anim. Sci. 37(5), 533-542.
Latack B.C., Carvalho P.H.V. and Zinn R.A. (2022). The interac-tion of feeding an eubiotic blend of essential oils plus 25-hydroxy-vit-D3 on performance, carcass characteristics, and dietary energetics of calf-fed Holstein steers. Front. Vet. Sci. 9, 1032532-1032540.
Latack B.C., Carvalho P.H., Plascencia A. and Zinn R.A. (2024). Long term feeding effects of a vaccine against of endotoxemia (endovac-beef) on growth performance and carcass character-istics of growing-finishing calf-fed holstein steers. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Sci. 14(1), 89-93.
Lehmkuhler J.W. and Ramos M.H. (2008). Comparison of dairy beef genetics and dietary roughage levels. J. Dairy Sci. 91(6), 2523-2531.
Mitlöhner F.M., Galyean M.L. and McGlone J.J. (2002). Shade effects on performance, carcass traits, physiology, and behav-ior of heat-stressed feedlot heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 80(8), 2043-2050.
Morris D.L. and Kononoff P.J. (2020). Derivation of the mainte-nance energy requirements and efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for dry and lactating Jersey cows. J. Dairy Sci. 104(9), 9726-9734.
Mulliniks J.T., Beard J.K. and King T.M. (2020). Invited review: Effects of selection for milk production on cow-calf productiv-ity and profitability in beef production systems. Appl. Anim. Sci. 36(1), 70-76.
NASEM. (2016). National Academy Science, Engineering and Medicine. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. 8th Ed., Na-tional Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
Norman T.C., DeHaan E.R., Francis F.L., Rusche W.C. and Smith Z.K. (2024). Effect of lighter and heavier initial weight on growth performance and carcass traits of single-source beef steers. Animals. 14(4), 567-572.
NRC. (1984). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. 6th Ed. Na-tional Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
NRC. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th Ed. Na-tional Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
Plascencia A. and Zinn R.A. (2021). Influence of method supple-mentation of yellow grease on growth performance, dietary energetics, carcass characteristics and nutrient digestion of feedlot steers. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Sci. 11(1), 39-46.
SAS Institute. (2007). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.3. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Shi H., Zhang J., Li S., Ji S., Cao Z., Zhang H. and Wang Y. (2018) Effects of a wide range of dietary forage-to concentrate ratios on nutrient utilization and hepatic transcriptional pro-files in limit-fed Holstein heifers. BMC Genom. 19, 48-56.
Solis J.C., Byers F.M., Schelling G.T., Long C.R. and Greene L.W. (1988). Maintenance energy requirements and energetic efficiency of cows of different breeds. J. Anim. Sci. 66(3), 764-773.
Torrentera N., Carrasco R., Salinas-Chavira J., Plascencia A. and Zinn R.A. (2017). Influence of methionine supplementation of growing diets enriched with lysine on feedlot performance and characteristics of digestion in Holstein steer calves. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 30(1), 42-50.
Tschida G.L. (2013). Growth and carcass merit of purebred jersey steer calves finished on grain-based diets at two different energy levels. MS Thesis. Oregon State University, USA.
USDA. (1997). United States Department of Agriculture. United States Standards for Grading of Carcass Beef. Washington, DC, Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA.
Zinn R.A. and Shen Y. (1998). An evaluation of ruminally de-gradable intake protein and metabolizable amino acid re-quirements of feedlot calves. J. Anim. Sci. 76(5), 1280-1289.
Zinn R.A., Barreras A., Owens F.N. and Plascencia A. (2008). Performance by feedlot steers and heifers: Daily gain, mature weight, dry matter intake, and dietary energetics. J. Anim. Sci. 86(10), 1-10.
