Proposing two novel hybrid RF/FSO systems to reduce the damaging effects of foggy channels
محورهای موضوعی : journal of Artificial Intelligence in Electrical EngineeringNegin Nikbakht Sardari 1 , Mohammad Ghiamy 2 , Asghar charmin 3 , Mohammad Esmaeil akbar 4
1 - گروه مهندسی برق، واحد اهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهر، ایران
2 - گروه مهندسی برق، واحد اردبیل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اردبیل، ایران
3 - Electrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Ahar Branch, Ahar, Iran
4 -
کلید واژه: Energy Management System, Distributed Energy Resources, Electric vehicles, Renewable Energy, Uncertainty, Peer to Peer, Organic Photovoltaics,
چکیده مقاله :
This paper presents an innovative method for operational planning of microgrids, focusing on maximizing profitability. The approach addresses key uncertainties, including the probabilistic charging/discharging behavior of EVs and the integration of renewable energy sources like wind and solar. A major challenge with renewables is energy wastage due to storage limitations and grid congestion. EVs offer a solution through Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, which enables them to supply electricity back to the grid, improving renewable energy utilization. This paper introduces two Energy Management System (EMS) models, with a key innovation being a Coordinated EMS that facilitates peer-to-peer (P2P) power trading between stations and prosumers. The model, evaluated across five stations under ten uncertainty scenarios, is formulated using Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) and implemented in GAMS/CPLEX. By integrating P2P transactions and organic photovoltaics (OPV) technology, it enables off-grid EV charging and utilizes excess solar energy in remote areas. Results indicate that the Coordinated EMS with P2P trading improves profitability by up to 1.17 times. The findings of this research align with efforts to reduce peak load in distribution grids by reducing reliance on centralized infrastructure, demonstrating the potential benefits of coordinated energy management strategies in microgrids.
This paper presents an innovative method for operational planning of microgrids, focusing on maximizing profitability. The approach addresses key uncertainties, including the probabilistic charging/discharging behavior of EVs and the integration of renewable energy sources like wind and solar. A major challenge with renewables is energy wastage due to storage limitations and grid congestion. EVs offer a solution through Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, which enables them to supply electricity back to the grid, improving renewable energy utilization. This paper introduces two Energy Management System (EMS) models, with a key innovation being a Coordinated EMS that facilitates peer-to-peer (P2P) power trading between stations and prosumers. The model, evaluated across five stations under ten uncertainty scenarios, is formulated using Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) and implemented in GAMS/CPLEX. By integrating P2P transactions and organic photovoltaics (OPV) technology, it enables off-grid EV charging and utilizes excess solar energy in remote areas. Results indicate that the Coordinated EMS with P2P trading improves profitability by up to 1.17 times. The findings of this research align with efforts to reduce peak load in distribution grids by reducing reliance on centralized infrastructure, demonstrating the potential benefits of coordinated energy management strategies in microgrids.
[1] M. A. Khalighi and M. Uysal, “Survey on Free Space Optical Communication : A Communication Theory Perspective,” IEEE Commun. Surv. TUTORIALS, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 2231–2258, 2014.
[2] H. B. Jeon et al., “Free-Space Optical Communications for 6G Wireless Networks: Challenges, Opportunities, and Prototype Validation,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 116–121, 2023, doi: 10.1109/MCOM.001.2200220.
[3] R. Harada, N. Shibata, S. Kaneko, T. Imai, J. ichi Kani, and T. Yoshida, “Adaptive Beam Divergence for Expanding Range of Link Distance in FSO with Moving Nodes toward 6G,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., vol. 34, no. 20, pp. 1061–1064, 2022, doi: 10.1109/LPT.2022.3199789.
[4] Z. Ghassemlooy, W. O. Popoola, and S. Rajbhandari, Optical wireless communications: system and channel modelling with Matlab®, 2nd Editio. CRC press, 2019.
[5] B. B. Yousif, E. E. Elsayed, and M. M. Alzalabani, “Atmospheric turbulence mitigation using spatial mode multiplexing and modified pulse position modulation in hybrid RF/FSO orbital-angular-momentum multiplexed based on MIMO wireless communications system,” Opt. Commun., vol. 436, pp. 197–208, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2018.12.034.
[6] B. B. Yousif, E. E. Elsayed, and M. M. Alzalabani, “Atmospheric turbulence mitigation using spatial mode multiplexing and modified pulse position modulation in hybrid RF/FSO orbital-angular-momentum multiplexed based on MIMO wireless communications system,” Opt. Commun., vol. 436, pp. 197–208, 2019, doi: 10.1016/J.OPTCOM.2018.12.034.
[7] A. Tahami, A. Dargahi, K. Abedi, and A. Chaman-Motlagh, “Two novel hybrid architectures for improving the system performance in long length FSO links,” Opt. Commun., vol. 451, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2019.06.046.
[8] M. A. Esmail, H. Fathallah, and M. S. Alouini, “An Experimental Study of FSO Link Performance in Desert Environment,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 1888–1891, 2016, doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2016.2586043.
[9] Z. Rahman, S. M. Zafaruddin, and V. K. Chaubey, “Performance of Opportunistic Receiver Beam Selection in Multiaperture OWC Systems over Foggy Channels,” IEEE Syst. J., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 4036–4046, 2020, doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2019.2962580.
[10] Z. Rahman, S. M. Zafaruddin, and V. K. Chaubey, “Multihop Optical Wireless Communication Over F-Turbulence Channels and Generalized Pointing Errors With Fog-Induced Fading,” IEEE Photonics J., vol. 14, no. 5, 2022, doi: 10.1109/JPHOT.2022.3200247.
[11] Y. Chang, Z. Liu, H. Yao, S. Gao, K. Dong, and S. Liu, “Performance Analysis of Multi-Hop FSOC over Gamma-Gamma Turbulence and Random Fog with Generalized Pointing Errors,” Photonics, vol. 10, no. 11, 2023, doi: 10.3390/photonics10111240.
[12] M. A. Amirabadi and V. T. Vakili, “On the performance of a multi-user multi-hop hybrid FSO / RF communication system,” Opt. Commun., vol. 444, no. March, pp. 172–183, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2019.03.070.
[13] E. Balti, M. Guizani, B. Hamdaoui, and Y. Maalej, “Partial Relay Selection For Hybrid RF/FSO Systems with Hardware Impairments,” no. D, 2019, [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.05097
[14] M. A. Amirabadi and V. Tabataba Vakili, “A novel hybrid FSO / RF communication system with receive diversity,” Optik (Stuttg)., vol. 184, no. December 2017, pp. 293–298, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.03.037.
[15] M. A. Amirabadi and V. Tabataba Vakili, “A novel hybrid FSO / RF communication system with receive diversity,” Optik (Stuttg)., vol. 184, pp. 293–298, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.03.037.
[16] M. A. Amirabadi and V. T. Vakili, “Performance analysis of a novel hybrid FSO/RF communication system,” IET Optoelectron., 2020, doi: 10.1049/iet-opt.2018.5172.
[17] N. Vishwakarma and S. R, “Performance analysis of hybrid FSO/RF communication over generalized fading models,” Opt. Commun., 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2021.126796.
[18] M. I. Petkovic, I. S. Ansari, G. T. Djordjevic, and K. A. Qaraqe, “Error rate and ergodic capacity of RF-FSO system with partial relay selection in the presence of pointing errors,” Opt. Commun., vol. 438, pp. 118–125, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2019.01.028.
[19] C. Abou-Rjeily, “All-active and selective FSO relaying: Do we need inter-relay cooperation?,” J. Light. Technol., vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 1899–1906, 2014, doi: 10.1109/JLT.2014.2315853.
[20] C. Abou-Rjeily, “Performance Analysis of FSO Communications with Diversity Methods: Add More Relays or More Apertures?,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1890–1902, 2015, doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2015.2432526.
[21] C. Abou-Rjeily and Z. Noun, “Impact of Inter-Relay Co-Operation on the Performance of FSO Systems with Any Number of Relays,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., 2016, doi: 10.1109/TWC.2016.2529630.
[22] A. Tahami, A. Dargahi, K. Abedi, and A. Chaman-Motlagh, “A new relay based architecture in hybrid RF/FSO system,” Phys. Commun., vol. 36, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.phycom.2019.100818.
[23] M. A. Esmail, H. Fathallah, and M. S. Alouini, “Outdoor FSO Communications under Fog: Attenuation Modeling and Performance Evaluation,” IEEE Photonics J., vol. 8, no. 4, 2016, doi: 10.1109/JPHOT.2016.2592705.
[24] M. A. Esmail, H. Fathallah, and M. S. Alouini, “Outage Probability Analysis of FSO Links over Foggy Channel,” IEEE Photonics J., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 1–13, 2017, doi: 10.1109/JPHOT.2017.2672641.
[25] N. Nikbakht-Sardari, M. Ghiamy, M. E. Akbari, and A. Charmin, “Novel adaptive hard-switching based hybrid RF-FSO system architecture using two threshold values in the presence of atmospheric turbulence and pointing error,” Results Eng., vol. 17, no. October 2022, p. 100813, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100813.
[26] M. A. Esmail, H. Fathallah, and M. S. Alouini, “Channel modeling and performance evaluation of FSO communication systems in fog,” in 2016 23rd International Conference on Telecommunications, ICT 2016, 2016. doi: 10.1109/ICT.2016.7500472.
