بررسي تغييرات پايداري خاکدانه ها پس از ترکيب افزودني هاي خاک
محورهای موضوعی : آبخیزداری و استحصال آبنیوشا محبتی 1 , لیلا غلامی 2 , عطااله کاویان 3 , فاطمه شکریان 4
1 - دانش آموخته کارشناسي ارشد، گروه مهندسي آبخيزداري، دانشکده منابع طبيعي، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزي و منابع طبيعي ساري، ساري، ايران.
2 - دانشيار، گروه مهندسي آبخيزداري، دانشکده منابع طبيعي، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزي و منابع طبيعي ساري، ساري، ايران.
3 - استاد، گروه مهندسي آبخيزداري، دانشکده منابع طبيعي، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزي و منابع طبيعي ساري، ساري، ايران.
4 - دانشيار، گروه مهندسي آبخيزداري، دانشکده منابع طبيعي، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزي و منابع طبيعي ساري، ساري، ايران.
کلید واژه: ترکيب افزودني‌هاي آلي و معدني, پايداري خاکدانه, شبيه‌ساز باران, فرسايش خاک,
چکیده مقاله :
زمينه و هدف: پايداري خاکدانه‌ها به عنوان يکي از ويژگي‌هاي کليدي کيفيت خاک، تأثير زيادي بر حرکت آب، تهويه و انتشار عناصر غذايي در خاک دارد. از سويي کاربرد افزودني ها در خاک هاي فرسايش يافته مي توان تاثير زيادي بر تغييرات در پايداري خاکدانه هاي خاک داشته باشد. بنابراين اين تحقيق با هدف بررسي تأثير کمپوست و زئوليت بر پايداري خاکدانه‌ها در شرايط آزمايشگاهي و تحت باران شبيه‌سازي شده با شدت 80 ميلي‌متر بر ساعت انجام شده است. با توجه به اهميت پايداري خاکدانه‌ها در جلوگيري از فرسايش و بهبود کيفيت خاک، پژوهش حاضر ترکيب دو افزودني مورد نظر را نيز مورد ارزيابي قرار داد.
روش پژوهش: در اين مطالعه، از خاک سطحي جمع‌آوري شده از اراضي مرتعي فرسايش‌يافته و انتقال داده شده به آزمايشگاه دانشگاه استفاده شد. نمونه‌هاي خاک پس از خشک شدن در معرض هوا، از طريق الک‌‌کردن آماده‌سازي شدند. سپس، تيمارهاي مختلف شامل کمپوست، زئوليت و ترکيب آن‌ها به خاک اضافه گرديد. براي اندازه گيري پايداري خاکدانه هاي خاك نمونه ها در تيمارهاي حفاظتي براي بازه هاي زماني 24 ساعت، دو، چهار، هشت، 16 و 32 هفته، بررسي شدند. براي مقايسه اثرات شبيه ساز باران نيز نمونه ها هم در قبل و هم بعد از کاربرد شبيه ساز باران جمع آوري شدند. بدين منظور خاك سطحي قبل و بعد از کاربرد سامانه شبيه ساز باران براي بازه هاي زماني 24 ساعت، دو، چهار، هشت، 16 و 32 هفته، به عمق دو ميلي متر به مقدار 50 گرم جمع آوري شدند. سپس پايداري خاکدانه ها با استفاده از روش الک تر محاسبه شد. به منظور انجام عمليات دانه بندي از شش الک با دامنه قطري 500، 250، 125، 100، 53، 38 و کمتر از 38 ميکرومتر و ظرف جمع آوري کننده ذرات کوچک تر از 38 ميکرومتر استفاده شد. در نهايت آزمون هاي با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS و گراديستات انجام شد.
يافته‌ها: نتايج نشان داد که افزودن کمپوست به خاک موجب افزايش قابل توجهي در پايداري خاکدانه‌ها نسبت به تيمار شاهد گرديد. همچنين، زئوليت نيز توانست با بهبود ويژگي‌هاي فيزيکي خاک و افزايش ظرفيت نگهداري آب، تأثير مثبتي بر پايداري خاکدانه‌ها داشته باشد. ترکيب کمپوست و زئوليت اثرات بيشتري بر پايداري خاکدانه‌ها نسبت به کاربرد افزودني‌ها به طور جداگانه داشت. زمان کاربرد افزودني ها نشان داد که در زمان هاي هشت و چهار هفته تاثيرات افزودني هاي بر ميانگين قطر خاکدانه هاي بيش تر است. پايداري خاکدانه هاي خاک در زمان هاي 16 و 32 هفته نسبت به هشت و چهار هفته کاهش داشت. اثر افزودني هاي خاک (کمپوست، زئوليت و ترکيب آن ها)، بر مولفه هاي 10D، 90D، 10/D90D، 10D-90D، 25D/75D، 25D-75D، چولگي و جورشدگي در سطح 99 درصد معني دار بود اما روي متغيرهاي 50D و کشيدگي معني دار نبود. اثر بازه زماني بر تمامي متغيرهاي مورد بررسي در سطح 99 درصد معني دار بود. هم چنين اثر شبيه ساز باران تنها بر متغيرهاي 10D، 50D، 25D/75D، چولگي و کشيدگي در سطح 99 درصد معني دار بود.
نتايج: اين پژوهش نشان داد که استفاده از کمپوست و زئوليت مي‌تواند راهکار مؤثري براي بهبود پايداري خاکدانه‌ها و کاهش فرسايش خاک باشد. نتايج اين تحقيق مي‌تواند به‌عنوان مبنايي براي مديريت پايدار خاک و ارتقاء کيفيت آن در کشاورزي مورد استفاده قرار گيرد. همچنين، پيشنهاد مي‌شود که تحقيقات بيشتري در زمينه تأثيرات بلندمدت اين افزودني‌ها بر کيفيت خاک انجام شود تا بتوان از آن‌ها در برنامه‌هاي مديريت منابع طبيعي بهره برد.
Background and Objective: Soil aggregates stability is a key indicator of soil quality that it significantly affects on the water movement, aeration and nutrient distribution in the soil. On the other hand, the conditioners application in eroded soils can have the great impact on changes in the stability of soil aggregates.Terefore, this study was conducted with the Aim of investigation the compost and zeolite impact on soil aggregate stability under laboratory conditions and simulated rainfall with intensity of 80 mm h-1. Considering the importance of aggregate stability in erosion control and improving soil quality, the present study also evaluated the combination of the two conditioners.
Research Methodology: In this study, surface soil was collected from eroded rangelands and then transported to university labratory. soil samples air-drying, these were prepared by sieving. Then various treatments including compost, zeolite, and their combination were added to the soil. To measurement the aggregates stability, the samples were examined in conservation treatments for time periods of 24 h, two, four, eight, 16 and 32 weeks. To the effects comparison of rainfall simulators, the samples were collected at before and after the application of the rainfall simulator. For this purpose, the surface soil was collected before and after the application of the rain simulator system for time periods of 24 h, two, four, eight, 16 and 32 weeks, to the depth of 2-mm with amount of 50 g. Then, the aggregates stability was calculated using the wet sieve method. In order to performance of the granulation operation, six sieves were used that the diameter ranges were the size of 500, 250, 125, 100, 53, 38 and less than 38 micrometer and a container for collecting particles smaller than 38 micrometers. Finally, tests were performed using SPSS and Gradistat software.
Findings: The results indicated that the compost addition to soil the cause significantly increased aggregates stability compared to the control treatment. Furthermore, zeolite also positively impacted aggregates stability by improving physical charactrestices of the soil and increasing water retention capacity. The combination of compost and zeolite had the the more effect on the aggregates stability compared to their separately effects. The application time of conditioners showed that at eight and four weeks had the the more effects on the average aggregates diameter. The stability of soil aggregates decreased at 16 and 32 week compared to eight and four week. The effect of soil conditioners (compost, zeolite and their combination) on the components D10, D90, D10/D90, 1D0-D90, D25/D75, D25-D75, skewness and sorting was significant at the level of 99 percent, but it was not significant on the variables D50 and kurtosis. The effect of time interval on all the studied variables was significant at level of 99 percent. Also, the effect of rain simulator was only significant on the variables D10, D50, D25/D75, skewness, and kurtosis at the level of 99 percent.
Conclusion: This research showed that the usage of compost and zeolite can be the effective strategy for improvement of aggregates stability and reducing soil erosion. The results of this research can be used as a basis for sustainable soil management practices and at improving the soil quality in agriculture. It is also suggested that the further research be conducted on the long-term effects of these conditioners on soil quality so that these can be used in natural resource management programs.
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