بررسی تطبیقی کاربرد چوب در معماری خانه های بومی مناطق جلگه ای و کوهپایه ای غرب گیلان
محورهای موضوعی : معماریکیانا راسخ 1 , سیده مامک صلواتیان 2 , مرضیه کاظم زاده 3
1 - گروه معماری، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران
2 - گروه معماری، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران
3 - گروه معماری، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران
کلید واژه: معماری بومی گیلان , مصالح بومی , چوب, جلگه غرب گیلان,
چکیده مقاله :
تأثیر اقلیم بر معماری همواره مورد توجه پژوهشگران بوده است. در این میان، برخی اندیشمندان مانند برونو زویی و راپاپورت، اقلیم را عاملی ثانویه در شکل‌گیری معماری بومی می‌دانند، درحالی‌که افرادی مانند اولگی آن را مهم‌ترین عامل تأثیرگذار می‌شمارند. بااین‌حال، میزان و نحوه‌ی تأثیر اقلیم در مناطق مختلف متفاوت است و عوامل دیگری مانند معیشت و اقتصاد نیز می‌توانند نقش مهمی در شکل‌گیری معماری بومی ایفا کنند. این پژوهش با رویکرد تطبیقی، به بررسی کاربرد چوب در معماری بومی مناطق جلگه‌ای و کوهپایه‌ای غرب گیلان می‌پردازد. هدف اصلی این مطالعه، شناخت تفاوت‌ها و شباهت‌های معماری این دو منطقه از نظر نوع مصالح مصرفی و تأثیرات اقلیمی و معیشتی بر ساخت‌وساز است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که چوب، اصلی‌ترین مصالح ساختمانی در هر دو منطقه محسوب می‌شود، اما نوع و نحوه‌ی استفاده از آن به شرایط جغرافیایی، میزان رطوبت و دسترسی به منابع محلی بستگی دارد. در مناطق جلگه‌ای، چوب‌های نرم‌تر مانند توسکا و افرا برای ساخت سازه‌های داخلی و تزیینی مورداستفاده قرار می‌گیرد، درحالی‌که در مناطق کوهپایه‌ای، چوب‌های سخت‌تر مانند بلوط و اقاقیا به دلیل استحکام بیشتر و مقاومت در برابر شرایط محیطی به کار گرفته شده‌اند. همچنین، فعالیت‌های معیشتی مانند کشاورزی در جلگه و دامداری در کوهپایه، تأثیر مستقیمی بر طراحی و ساختار خانه‌ها داشته است. نتایج این تحقیق بر اهمیت بهره‌گیری از منابع بومی و روش‌های پایدار در معماری تأکید دارد و می‌تواند در توسعه‌ی معماری سازگار با محیط‌زیست مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. این پژوهش با روش توصیفی - تحلیلی و مبتنی بر مطالعات میدانی و کتابخانه‌ای انجام شده است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که عناصر معماری بومی همچون ایوان، حیاط مرکزی و مصالح محلی، نقشی مؤثر در انطباق با شرایط اقلیمی و فرهنگی منطقه دارند.
The impact of climate on architecture has always been a subject of interest for researchers. Some scholars, such as Bruno Zevi and Rapoport, consider climate a secondary factor in shaping vernacular architecture, while others, like Olgyay, regard it as the most influential factor. However, the extent and manner of climate’s influence vary across different regions, and other factors such as livelihood and economy also play a crucial role in shaping traditional architecture. This study adopts a comparative approach to examine the use of wood in the vernacular architecture of the lowland and foothill regions of western Gilan. The main objective is to identify the similarities and differences in the architectural characteristics of these two regions in terms of material usage and the climatic and economic influences on construction methods. Findings indicate that wood is the primary construction material in both regions; however, the type and application of wood vary based on geographical conditions, humidity levels, and local resource availability. In lowland areas, softer woods such as alder and maple are used for interior structures and decorative elements, whereas in foothill areas, harder woods like oak and acacia are preferred due to their durability and resistance to harsh environmental conditions. Additionally, livelihood activities, such as agriculture in the lowlands and animal husbandry in the foothills, have directly influenced the design and structure of houses. The results of this study highlight the significance of utilizing local resources and sustainable construction methods in architecture, which can contribute to the development of environmentally compatible architectural solutions. The research employs a descriptive-analytical method, incorporating field studies and literature reviews. The findings emphasize the critical role of vernacular architectural elements such as verandas, central courtyards, and locally sourced materials in adapting to regional climatic and cultural conditions.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
This study employs a descriptive-analytical method based on field observations and library research to investigate the architectural elements of vernacular houses in northern Iran. The findings indicate that key elements such as central courtyards, verandas, and local materials are essential in adapting architecture to the regional climate and cultural context.Climate plays a vital role in shaping architecture globally, influencing choices in materials, space dimensions, and building designs. In Iran, vernacular architecture reflects both cultural and climatic adaptations. Scholars like Bruno Zevi and Rapoport consider climate a secondary influence, while others like Olgyay see it as a primary factor in forming local housing structures. Guilan, a region in northern Iran, displays unique vernacular architecture shaped by its humid and mild climate, especially evident in the plains and foothill areas of Western Guilan. This study conducts a comparative analysis of wood usage in the vernacular architecture of the plains and foothill regions of Western Guilan, aiming to understand the impact of climatic, geographical, and livelihood factors on material choices and construction techniques.
Methodology
This qualitative and comparative study focuses on examining the structural and architectural differences between the two regions. Using document analysis, the study reviewed scientific, historical, and architectural sources regarding the use of wood and other materials. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with architectural and environmental experts, as well as with specialists from the Guilan Rural Heritage Museum, to gather supplemental insights. The selected case studies include traditional houses from the plains and foothill regions, such as the Motesham Talab, Mousavi, and Moosavi-Pour houses in the plains and the Tarabi and Hajatpour houses in the foothills. The data collected was analyzed through comparative content analysis, allowing for a detailed examination of the similarities and differences in wood usage, types, and construction techniques across the two regions.
Results and discussion
The findings show that wood serves as a primary building material in both regions; however, variations exist in the type of wood and its applications due to geographic and climatic conditions. In the plains, softer woods like alder and maple are commonly used for interior and decorative structures due to their availability and moderate resistance to humidity. Conversely, in the foothills, where climatic conditions are harsher and topography steeper, harder woods like oak and acacia are preferred for structural components due to their durability and resistance to moisture and pests.
Conclusion
This comparative study highlights the significance of climate and local livelihoods in shaping the architectural landscape of Western Guilan. The findings emphasize the importance of utilizing local, renewable resources and traditional wood preparation methods, reinforcing sustainable building practices. This research provides valuable insights into environmentally compatible architecture, promoting the preservation of traditional construction methods and encouraging their adaptation in modern architectural designs.
