ارزیابی اثر آللوپاتی عصاره دانه و برگ اکالیپتوس (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) بر جوانه زنی و رشد گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) و علف هرز کیسه کشیش (Capsella bursa-pastoris)
محورهای موضوعی : زیست شناسی
1 - استادیار گروه زراعت، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران.
کلید واژه: آللوپاتی, اکالیپتوس, ارتفاع بوته, جوانه‌زنی, محتوای کلروفیل, وزن خشک,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف: علف های هرز جزء جدایی‌ناپذیر اکوسیستم های زراعی و غیرزراعی است که کمیت و کیفیت محصولات کشاورزی را تهدید می کند. بنابراین، برای دستیابی به یک سطح اقتصادی با حداقل استفاده از سموم شیمیایی بایستی کنترل مناسب علف‌های هرز براساس برنامه مدیریت تلفیقی و باهدف ترکیب روش‌های مختلف سازگار با محیط‌زیست باشد.
مواد و روش ها: آزمایش گلخانه ای در قالب بلوک های کامل تصادفی و آزمایشگاهی به صورت طرح کاملاً تصادفی در سال 1402 انجام شد. تیمارها شامل عصاره دانه و برگ اکالیپتوس درغلظت‌های٢٠، ۴٠، ۶٠، ٨٠ و١٠٠ درصد به همراه شاهد (آب مقطر) بود.
یافته ها: غلظت عصاره دانه و برگ اکالیپتوس، تمام صفات مورد مطالعه را به طور معنی‌داری کاهش داد. با افزایش غلظت عصاره، میزان بازدارندگی روند افزایشی داشت. علف هرز کیسه کشیش بیشتر از گندم تحت تأثیر مواد دگرآسیب قرار گرفت و کاهش بیشتری داشت. غلظت۸۰ و۱۰۰ درصد عصاره دانه درصد جوانه‌زنی، سرعت جوانه‌زنی، طول اندام‌های هوایی، طول ریشه چه، وزن خشک اندام‌های هوایی و وزن خشک ریشهچه علف هرز کیسه کشیش را به طور کامل متوقف کرد. چنین شرایطی نیز در غلظت۱۰۰ درصد عصاره برگ ایجاد شد. کمترین محتوای کلروفیل کل در علفهرز کیسه کشیش تحت تأثیر غلظت۱۰۰ درصد عصاره دانه و برگ مشاهده شد. این کاهش در غلظت۸۰ درصد عصاره دانه 3/86 درصد برآورد گردید.
نتیجه گیری: گیاه دولپه ای کیسه کشیش نسبت به گیاه تک‌لپه‌ای گندم به اثرات دگرآسیبی اکالیپتوس حساس تر است. بنابراین، عصاره آبی اکالیپتوس به ویژه دانه، حاوی ترکیبات دگرآسیبی فراوانی است که می توان آن را به عنوان یک علفکش زیستی و همراه با طبیعت معرفی کرد و در آینده در برنامه های مدیریتی تلفیقی علف های هرز به خصوص علف هرز کیسه کشیش قرارداد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Objective: Weeds are an integral part of agricultural and non-agricultural ecosystems that threaten the quantity and quality of agricultural products.Therefore, to achieve an economic level with minimal use of chemical pesticides, appropriate control of weeds should be based on an integrated management plan with the aim of combining different environmental compatible methods.
Methods: A greenhouse experiment in the form of randomized complete blocks and a laboratory was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design in 2023.The treatments included seed and leaf eucalyptus extract in concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% along with control (distilled water).
Results: The concentration of eucalyptus seed and leaf extract reduced all studied traits significantly.Capsella bursa-pastoris weed was more affected by allelopathic substances than wheat and had a greater reduction.The concentration of 80% and 100% seed extract stopped the germination percentage, germination rate, length of aerial parts, length of roots, dry weight of aerial parts and dry weight of roots of the weed completely.Such conditions were also created in 100% concentration of leaf extract.The lowest total chlorophyll content was observed in Capsella bursa-pastoris weed under the influence of 100% concentration of seed and leaf extract.
Conclusion: Dicotyledonous plant is more sensitive than monocotyledonous plant of wheat to the harmful effects of Eucalyptus. Eucalyptus aqueous extract, especially the seed, contains many harmful compounds that can be introduced as a biological herbicide and in harmony with nature, and in the future weed management programs, especially the Capsella bursa-pastoris weed.
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