بازخوانی نقش زنان به سانِ شکارچی در جوامع جست‌و‌جوگر خوراک با کمک پژوهش‌های قوم‌نگاری و یافته‌های باستان‌شناسی
محورهای موضوعی : باستان شناسی
1 - دانش‌آموخته دکتری باستان‌شناسی پیش از تاریخ، گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.
کلید واژه: شکار, زنان, تقسیم کار, شکارگر-گردآورنده, پارینه‌سنگی, باستان‌شناسی,
چکیده مقاله :
این ایده که انسان‌های اولیه کار خود را بر اساس جنسیت تقسیم می‌کردند، چنان تأثیرگذار است که برخی بر این باورند اصل و نسب و دودمان انسان را می‌توان با تقسیم منحصربه‌فرد بین «مردان شکارچی» و «زنان گردآورنده» تعریف کرد. اگرچه انسان‌شناسان فمینیست پارادایم «مرد شکارچی» را به طور جدی زیر سوال برده‌اند، ولی «مردان و شکار» همچنان یک مفهوم توضیحی آشنا برای طرد زنان از جنبه‌های خاصی از دگرگشت است. مطالعات باستان‌شناسی که به‌شدت بر نقش‌های جنسیتی کلیشه‌ای متکی بودند زنان را در گذشته به عنوان خانگی و مخالف دنیای «غیرخانگی» مردان طبقه‌بندی کرده‌اند. بی‌شک ساختارهای توضیحی مانند «مرد شکارچی» در توضیح ماهیت واقعی شیوه‌ی زندگی نیاکان ما شکست می‌خورند زیرا زنان را درنظر نمی‌گیرند. به‌واقع برخی از زنان پیش از تاریخ مادر بودند، ولی شکارچیان، جنگجویان، ابزارسازان، رهبران و مادربزرگ‌های توانمندی نیز بودند. هدف از چنین مطالعاتی تغییر کلیشه‌های جنسیتی از کار و فعالیت گذشتگان و مقابله با پارادایم زن-گردآورنده/مرد-شکارچی به سانِ تنها توضیح فعالیت‌های زنان و مردان در گذشته است. روش پژوهش در این نوشتار اسنادی است. نخست به مطالعه‌ی کار در دوره‌ی پارینه‌سنگی پرداخته و سپس درباره‌ی تقسیم کار بحث می‌کنیم. در ادامه شکار زنان را بررسی کرده و سپس برخی از نمونه‌های آن را با تکیه بر مطالعات قوم‌نگاری ذکر می‌کنیم. بر پایه‌ی پژوهش‌های قوم‌نگاری و همچنین یافته‌ها در محوطه‌های باستان‌شناسی به نظر می‌رسد که برخی از زنان جست‌و‌جوگر خوراک در حال حاضر و در گذشته‌ی نزدیک به شکار می‌پرداختند و با توجه به همه‌ی شواهد تقریباً به طور قطع در گذشته‌ی عمیق نیز شکار می‌کردند.
The idea that early humans divided their labor on the basis of gender is so influential that some believe that lineage of humans can be defined by a unique division between "Hunter men" and "Gatherer women." Although feminist anthropologists have seriously questioned the Man the Hunter paradigm, "men and hunting" remains a familiar explanatory concept for the exclusion of women from certain aspects of evolution. Archaeological studies that relied heavily on stereotypical gender roles have historically classified women as domestic and opposed to the "non-domestic" world of men. Undoubtedly, explanatory constructs such as "Man the hunter" fail to explain the true nature of our ancestors' way of life because they do not take women into account. Indeed, some prehistoric women were mothers, but they were also capable hunters, warriors, toolmakers, leaders, and grandmothers. The purpose of such studies is to change the gender stereotypes of the work and activities of the past and to confront the Woman the Gatherer/ Man the Hunter paradigm as the only explanation of the activities of women and men in the past. The research method in this paper is documentary. First, we will study the work in the Paleolithic period, and then we will discuss about the division of labor. In the following, we will examine women's hunting and then mention some of its examples based on ethnographic studies. Based on ethnographic studies as well as findings in archaeological sites, it appears that some female foragers have been hunting now and in the recent
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