مطالعهی کیفی خشونت خانگی علیه زنانِ خانه‌دار در شهر خرم‌آباد
محورهای موضوعی : زن و جامعهمسعود زمانی مقدم 1 , صبا حسنوندی 2
1 - پژوهشگر مهمان، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه واخنینگن، هلند
2 - استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، واحد خرم آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، خرم آباد، ایران
کلید واژه: مردسالاری, خشونت خانگی, نظریۀ زمینه‌ای, زنان خرم‌آباد, پژوهش کیفی,
چکیده مقاله :
این مقاله با رویکرد کیفی و استراتژی استفهامی به مطالعهی همسرآزاری پرداخته و خشونت خانگی علیه زنان را با توجه به ابعاد فرهنگی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و روان‌شناختی آن مطالعه کرده است. داده‌های پژوهش با نمونه‌گیری هدفمند و نظری و از طریق مصاحبهی عمیق با پانزده زنِ خانه‌دار 22 تا 45 ساله که در پاییز و زمستان 1395 به روان‌شناسِ مرکز بهداشتِ یکی از محله‌های محروم شهر خرم‌آباد رجوع کرده بودند، گردآوری شدند. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها نیز از نظریهی زمینه‌ای استفاده شد. در تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها، پنجاه و هشت مفهوم بهدست آمد که پس از تقلیل این مفاهیم به یازده مقولهی اصلی، آن‌ها را در قالب مدل پارادایمی قرار داده و تفسیر کردیم. در نهایت، مقولهی هسته مشخص شد که عبارت است از «ساختن و سوختن زنانِ بی‌دفاع در برابر خشونت». یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهند که مسائل شوهر، موجب خشونت‌ورزی علیه زنان می‌شوند. با وجود این، وضعیت نامناسب اجتماعی این زنان و همچنین فرهنگ مردسالار حاکم بر این محله، زنان مورد مطالعه را در برابر خشونت شوهران، بی‌دفاع می‌کنند. خشونت‌ورزی علیه زنان پیامدهای اجتماعی و روان‌شناختی مخربی برای این زنان بهدنبال دارد. زنان در چنین وضعیتی چاره‌ای جز ساختن و سوختن ندارند.
women using a qualitative approach and a strategy of use. The research data were collected using purposeful and theoretical sampling and through a deep interview with 15 housewives who had been referred to a psychologist at a health center in one of the deprived neighborhoods of Khorramabad. Ground Theory was used to analyze the data. In the analysis of data, there were obtained fifty-eight concepts that were reduced to eleven main categories. Then we put the main categories in the form of a paradigmatic model. Finally, the core category was identified as " Grin and bear it: vulnerable women against to violence." This research showed that husband's issues are causing violence against women. Nevertheless, the inadequate social situation as well as the patriarchal culture governing this neighborhood will worsen the women who are questioned against the domestic violence of husbands. Violence against women has social and psychological consequences for women. These women in this situation have no choice. They will just have to grin and bear it.
-Abbaszadeh, M., Saadati, M., Dalir, N. (2012). Measuring the rate of spouse abuse and the factors affecting it with an emphasis on social capital. Social Issues of Iran. (6): 153-180. (Persian).
-Abbott, Pamela and Claire Wallace. (2006). Sociology of women. Translated by Manijeh Najm Iraqi, Tehran: Nay. (Persian).
-Alves & et al. (2019). Evolution and Analysis of Cultural and Cognitive Factors Related With Domestic Violence Against Women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 34 (3): 621-641.
-Childress & et al. (2018). Women’s strategies for coping with the impacts of domestic violence in Kyrgyzstan: A grounded theory study. Social Work in Health Care. 57 (3): 164-189.
-Coker-Appiah, D. & Cusack K. (1999). Breaking the silence and challenging the myths of violence against women and children in Ghana: Report of a national study on violence.
-Corbin, J. & Strauss, A. (2007). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. USA: Sage Publications.
-Counts, DA. & Brown, JK. (1992). Sanctions and sanctuary: Cultural perspectives on the beating of wives. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
-Creswell, J. (2007). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design. California: Sage Publication.
-Creswell, J. (2012). Research Plan: Selection of Five Approaches. Translated by H. Danayei-fard and H. Kazemi. Tehran: Saffar. (Persian).
-De Beauvoir, S. (1972). The Second Sex. Translated by H. M. Parshley. Penguin: Harmondsworth.
-Ebenezer, S., Agbemafle, I. (2016). Determinants of domestic violence against women in Ghana. BMC Public Health. 16: 368: 1-9.
-Ellsberg, M. et al. (2008). Intimate partner violence and women’s physical and mental health in the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence: an observational study. Lancet. 371:1165–72.
-Fatemi, M., Davoodi, R., Fesharaki, M., Golafshani, A. (2011). Relationship of Life Skills with Spouse Abuse. Social Welfare. (43): 51-70. (Persian).
-Fikree, f. & Bhatti, L. (1999). Domestic violence and health of Pakistani women. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 65 (2): 195-201.
-Flick, O. (2012). An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Translated by H. Jalili. Tehran: Ney. (Persian).
-García-Moreno & et al. (2005). WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence against Women. World Health Organization.
-Garcia-Moreno, C. et al (2006). Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence. Lancet. 368: 1260–9.
-Ghazizadeh, A. (2005). Domestic violence: a cross-sectional study in an Iranian city. EMHJ - Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 11 (5-6): 880-887.
-Giddens, A. (2009). Sociology. Translated by H. Chavoshian. Tehran: Ney. (Persian).
-Glaser, B. G. (1978). Theoretical Sensitivity. Mill Valley, CA: Sociological Press.
-Guba, E. G. and Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Fourth Generation Evaluation. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
-Hajjar, L. (2004). Religion, State Power, and Domestic Violence in Muslim Societies: A Framework for Comparative Analysis. Law & Social Inquiry. 29 (1): 1-38.
-Hemati, R. (2004). Factors Affecting Men's Violence against Women: Case Study of Tehrani Families. Social Welfare. (12): 227-256. (Persian).
-Kalokhe, Ameeta & et al. (2017). Domestic violence against women in India: A systematic review of a decade of quantitative studies. Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice. 12 (4): 498-513.
-Kazemian, M., Razaghi, H., Toofani, H., Nemati, Z. (2008). A six-month study in women who were injured due to spouse abuse referred to Shahid Kamyab Emergency Hospital in Mashhad. Forensic Medicine. (52): 235-239. (Persian).
-Khosravi, Z., Khaghani-fard, M. (2004). Investigating the relationship between spouse abuse and suicidal thoughts and spouse abuse in women in Tehran. Women's Social Psychological Studies. (6): 99-114. (Persian)
-Krahe, P. (2018). Violence against women. Current Opinion in Psychology. 19: 6-10.
-Krishnan, S. et al. (2010). Do changes in spousal employment status lead to domestic violence? Insights from a prospective study in Bangalore, India. Soc Sci Med. 70:136–43.
-Lamichhane, P. et al. (2011). Women’s status and violence against young married women in rural Nepal. BMC women Health. 11(19): 1–9.
-Mohammadi-asl, A. (2011). Gender and Violence. Tehran: Gol-azin. (Persian).
-Mohammadpoor, A. (2013). Qualitative research method: Logic and design in qualitative methodology. Tehran: Jameeshenasan. (Persian).
-Nazparvar, B. (2002). Spouse-Abuse. Woman in Development and Policy. (3): 25-44. (Persian).
-Panaghi, L., Ghahari, S., Ahmadabadi, Z., Yosefi, H. (2008). Spouse Abuse and Mental Health: The Role of Social Support and Coping Strategies. Developmental Psychology. (17): 69-80. (Persian)
-Panaghi, L., Piroozi, D., Shirinbayan, M., Ahmadabadi, Z. (2011). The Role of Personality and Demographic Characteristics in Spouse Abuse. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. (65): 126-135. (Persian)
-Pearlman, DN., et al. (2003). Neighborhood Environment, Racial Position, and Risk of Police-Reported Domestic Violence: A Contextual Analysis. Public Health Reports. 118 (1): 44-58.
-Semahegn, A. & Bezatu Mengistie (2015). Domestic violence against women and associated factors in Ethiopia; systematic review. Reproductive Health. 12: 78.
-Shams-esfandabad, H., Emamipoor, S. (2003). Surveying the extent of spouse abuse and its factors. Women in Development and Policy. (5): 59-82. (Persian).
-Sinha, A. et al. (2012). Domestic violence among ever married women of reproductive age group in a slum area of Kolkata. Indian J Public Health. 56 (1): 31.
-Soler, H., Vinayak, P., Quadagno, D. (2000). Biococial Aspects of Domestic Violence. Psych-neuroendocrinology. 25 (7): 721-39.
-Strauss, A. and Corbin, j. (2012). Fundamentals of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Stages of Production of Ground Theory. Translated by I. Afshar. Tehran: Ney. (Persian).
-Rabani, R., Javadian, R. (2007). Investigating Women's Behavior Against Husband's Violence. Daneshvar Behavior. (25); 19-30. (Persian).
-Rachel, J. (2002). Intimate partner violence: causes and prevention. Lancet. 359: 1423–29.
-UNIFEM (2010). Domestic Violence: A Global Problem. March 24 – March 30, Lenten Study 6.
-USAID (2010). Gender-Based Violence: Impediment to Reproductive Health. Population Reference Bureau.
-Vakili, M., et al. (2010). Prevalence and determinants of intimate partner violence against women in Kazeroon, Islamic Republic of Iran. Violence and Victims. 25 (1): 116-127.
-WHO (2005). Addressing violence against women and achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-WHO (2009). Violence against women. Fact sheet 239. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-WHO (2014). Strengthening the role of the health system in addressing violence, in particular against women and girls, and against children, The Sixty-seventh World Health Assembly. Agenda item 14.3.
_||_