تأثیر بازدارندگی عصاره آبی اندام‌های مختلف برخی از علف‌های هرز مزارع گوجه فرنگی بر مرگ و میر نماتد ریشه گرهی (Meloidogyne javanica) در شرایط آزمایشگاه و گلخانه

محورهای موضوعی : دو فصلنامه تحقیقات بیماریهای گیاهی

الهام حسین پور ¹ , زهرا خورسند ²

1 - دانش آموخته ی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه بیماری شناسی گیاهی، واحد شوشتر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شوشتر، ایران.
2 - استادیار ،گروه بیماری شناسی گیاهی،واحد شوشتر،دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی،شوشتر،ایران

تاریخ دریافت : 1399/06/17 تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/08/22 تاریخ انتشار : 1399/03/01

کلید واژه: عصاره گیاهی, نماتد ریشه‌گرهی, تاج خروس, سلمه تره, پیچک صحرایی,

چکیده مقاله :

نماتد ریشه‌گرهی یکی از مهم‌ترین نماتدهای انگل گیاهی می‌باشد که با ایجاد گال در ریشه میزبان خسارت زیادی به محصولات کشاورزی وارد می‌کند. استفاده از متابولیت‌های ثانویه گیاهی به دلیل برخورداری از ویژگی‌هایی چون مکانیسم عمل اختصاصی، طیف اثر محدود و قابلیت تجزیه به متابولیتهای غیر سمی به عنوان یکی از بهترین استراتژی‌های جایگزین برای کنترل نماتدها مطرح گردیده است. این پژوهش به منظور بررسی اثر بازدارندگی عصاره آبی گیاهان سلمه تره، تاج خروس و پیچک صحرایی بر نماتد ریشه‌گرهی (Meloidogyne javanica) در شرایط آزمایشگاهی و گلخانه انجام شد. آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با 3 فاکتور نوع عصاره (در 3 سطح سلمه تره، تاج خروس و پیچک صحرایی)، غلظت عصاره (در 3 سطح با نسبت 04/0، 2/0 و 4/0%) و اندام عصاره‌گیری شده (در 3 سطح برگ، ساقه و ریشه) در سه تکرار برای هر تیمار در شرایط آزمایشگاه و دو گیاهی که بیشترین تأثیر را داشتند در شرایط گلخانه انجام شد. عصاره هر سه گیاه باعث افزایش چشمگیر درصد مرگ و میر لارو‌های سن دوم نماتد در شرایط آزمایشگاه شد به نحوی که عصاره 4/0 % برگ تاج‌خروس با 3/98% مرگ و میر لارو سن 2 بیشترین مرگ و میر و عصاره 2/0% و 04/0% ریشه پیچک با 37% کمترین میزان مرگ و میر را نشان داد. دو گیاه تاج خروس و سلمه تره که دارای بهترین نتایج در شرایط آزمایشگاهی بودند در شرایط گلخانه مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. کارآیی گیاه تاج خروس در کاهش آلودگی به نماتد نسبت به سلمه تره بیشتر بود. برگ گیاه تاج خروس نسبت به سایر اندامها در کاهش جمعیت نماتد موثرتر بود. عصاره هر دو گیاه باعث کاهش رشد گیاهان بدون آلودگی به نماتد نسبت به شاهد (بدون نماتد و بدون عصاره) گردید. به نظر می‌رسد اضافه کردن علفهای هرزی مثل تاج‌خروس و سلمه تره به خاک مزارع گوجه فرنگی، می‌تواند جمعیت لارو سن دو M. javanica در خاک را کاهش دهد، هرچند که رشد گیاه گوجه فرنگی نیز کاهش می‌یابد.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are the most important plant pathogenic nematodes that reduce yield of economic plants worldwide. The use of compounds of plant secondary metabolites has been proposed as the best alternative strategy for controlling nematodes due to its properties such as specific mechanism of action, limited spectrum of action and the ability to decompose into non-toxic metabolites. This study was performed to investigate the inhibitory effect of aqueous extracts of Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus and convolvulus arvensis on mortality of root-knot Nematode, (Meloidogyne javanica) in vitro conditions. Experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 factors (1- type of extract in 3 levels of Ch. album, A. retroflexus and C. arvensis, 2- concentration of extract in 3 levels with ratios of 0.04, 0.2 and 0.4% and 3- Extraction organs were performed at 3 levels of leaves, stems and roots in 3 replications for each treatment in laboratory conditions and the two plants that had the most effect were done in Labratory conditions. The results showed that the extracts of all three plants significantly increased the mortality of second level of nematode larvae. The extract of 0.4% of coriander leaves with 98.3% mortality of age 2 larvae had the highest mortality and the extract of 0.2% and 0.04% of ivy root with 37% had the lowest mortality. The two plants of Ch. album and A. retroflexus, which had the best results in vitro, were studied in greenhouse conditions. The reproductive factor of control with nematode has a significant difference with other treatmentsFrom the results of study,it can be cincluded that it is possible that the weeds of tomato fields especially A.retroflexus and Carvensi,returning to the ground canreduce the J2population of root-knit nematodes in the soil.

منابع و مأخذ:

 

1. Adegbite AA and Adesiyan SO. 2006. Root extract of plant to control root-knot nematode on edible soybean. Journal of Vegetable Science 12: 5–12.


2. Alam MM. 1985. A single method for “in vitro” screening for nematotoxicity. International Nematology Network Newsletter, 2: 6.


3. Azadi R. 2012. Amaranthaceae. pp. 9–50, In M Assadi, AA Maassoumi, M Khatamsaz, V Mozaffarian (eds). Flora of Iran, No. 75. Tehran: Forests and Rangelands Research Institute Press.


4. Bahmanziari M, Olia M and Heydari F. 2017. Effects of four medicinal plant on root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) infecting tomato. Plant Protection (Shahid Chamran University) 40 (2): 1–12.


5. Burt S. 2004. Essential oils their antimicrobial properties and potential applications in foods-a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology 94: 223–253.


6. D’Addabbo T, Sassanelli N, Lamberti F, Greco P and Carella A. 2000. Control of root-knot nematodes by olive and grape pomace soil amendments. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 532: 53–57.


7. Ezhilan GJ, Chandrasekhar V and Kurucheve V. 1994. Effect of six selected plant products and oil cakes on the sclerotial production and germination of Rhizoctonia solani. Indian Phytopathology 47: 183–185.


8. Fujii Y. 2000. Allelopathy in the Action and Utilization of Allelopathy Substance. Tokyo: Noubunkyo. 428 p.


9. Ghazalbash N and Abdullahi M. 2013. Inhibition of aqueous extract of Ferulago angulata and Zataria Multiflora on root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica in vitro and some of their compounds. Research in Plant Pathology 1(1): 53–62.


10. Grewal PS. 1989. Nematicidal effects of some plant-extracts to Aphelenchoides composticola (Nematoda) infesting mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. Revue de Nematologie 12: 317–322.


11. Gupta OP. 2000. Modern Weed Management. Jodhpur: Agrobios Publisher. 339 p.


12. Hunt DJ and Handoo ZA. 2009. Taxonomy, identification and principal species. pp. 55–97. In: RN Perry, M Moens and JL Starr (eds). Root-Knot Nematodes. Wallingford: CABI.


13. Hussey RS and Barker KR. 1973. A comparison of methods of collecting inocula of Meloidogyne, including a new technique. Plant Disease Reporter 57: 1025–1028.


14. Ibrahim SK, Traboulsi AF and El-haj S. 2006. Effect of essential oils and plant extracts on hatching, migration and mortality of Meloidogyne incognita. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 45: 238–246.


15. Inderjit J. 2005. Soil microorganisms: an important determinant of allelopathic activity. Plant and Soil 274: 227–236.


16. Javed N, Gowen SR, Inam-ul-Haq M and Anwar SA. 2007. Protective and curative effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) formulations on the development of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica in roots of tomato plants. Crop Protection 26: 530–534.


17. John A and Hebsy B. 2000. Bare-root dip treatment of brinjal seedlings in phytochemicals for the management of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita). Journal of Tropical Agriculture 38 (1–2): 69–72.


18. Katooli N, Mahdikhani Moghadam E and Maghsoudlu R. 2010. Effect of leaf extracts of sweet wormwood and castor bean in reducing population of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on cucumber. Agroecology 2: 587–592.


19. Kiani Gh and Abdullahi M. 2014. Inhibition of aqueous extract of flower of Capparis spinosa and leaf of Ficus carica on Meloidogyne incognita nematode in vitro condition. Research in Plant Pathology 3 (1): 37–46.


20. Mighati F. 2003. Allelopathy, from Concept to Application. Tehran: Parto-e vaghehe Press. 256 p.


21. Mitich LW. 1997. Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). Weed Technology 11:199-202


22. Perez MP, Navas-Cortes JA, Pascual-Villalobos MJ and Castillo P. 2003. Nematicidal activity of essential oils and organic amendments from Asteraceae against root-knot nematodes. Plant Pathology 52: 395–401.


23. Rashedmohasel M, Najafi H and Akbarzadeh M. 2001. Biology and Weed Control. Mashhad: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press. 404 p.


24. Ronald AE and Smith EC. 1969. The flora of the Nova Scotia. Halifx: Nova Scotian Institute of Science. 746 p.


25. Santos BM, Dusky JA, Stall WM, Shilling DJ and Bewick TA. 1997. Influence of smooth pigweed and common purslane on lettuce as affected by phosphorus fertility. Proceeding of Florida State Horticulture Society 110: 315–317.


26. Sasser JN. 1972. Physiological variation in the genus Meloidogyne as determined by differential hosts. EPPO Bulletin 2: 41–48.


27. Sellami S and Mouffarrah A. 1994. Effect of some aqueous plant extracts on juvenile hatching and larval mortality against Meloidogyne incognita. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen Universiteit Gent 59(2b): 813–816.


28. Shakeri M, Soudaizadeh H and Hakimi MH. 2013. Effects of allelopathy and nematodeicide of aqueous extract of Capparis spinose on growth characteristics of cucumber and tomato. Journal of Agricultural science and Sustainable Production 23 (2): 97–111.


29. Shaukat S, Siddiqui IA and Zarina B. 2004. Effects of some common weeds from Pakistan on plant-parasitic nematodes in vitro and population densities and survival of Meloidogyne incognita in okra and brinjal. Nematologia Mediterranea 32: 111–115.


30. Shaukat SS, Siddiqi IA, Khan GH and Zaki MJ. 2002. Nematicidal and allelopathic potential of Argemone mexicana, a tropical weed. Plant and Soil 245: 239–247.


31. Siddiqi MR. 2000. Tylenchida, Parasites of Plants and Insects, 2nd ed. Wallingford: CABI. 833 p.


32. Siddiqui MA and Alam MM. 2001. Neem allelopathy and the root-knot nematode. IPM Practitioner 23: 9–11.


33. Sikora RA and Fernandez E. 2005. Nematode parasites of vegetables. pp: 319–392, In M Luc, RA Sikora and J Bridge (eds). Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture. Wallingford: CABI.


34. Taba S, Sawada J and Moromizato ZI. 2007. Nematicidal activity of Okinawa island plants on the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood. Plant and Soil 303: 207–216.


35. Vrain TC. 1977. A technique for the collection of larvae of Meloidogyne and a comparison of eggs and larvae as inocula. Journal of Nematology 9(3): 249–251.


36. Wellman RH. 1977. Problem in development, registration and use of fungicides. Annual Review of Phytopathology 15: 155–163.


37. Zand A, Rahimian Mashhadi K, Kouchaki A, Khalqani J, Mousavi K and Ramezani K. 2004. Weed Ecology (Managerial Application). Mashhad: Jahad Daneshgahi of Mashhad Mashhad University Press. 244 p.


38. Zasada IA, Ferris H and Zheng L. 2002. Plant sources of chinese herbal remedies: laboratory efficacy, suppression of Meloidogyne javanica in soil, and phytotoxicity assays. Nematology 34: 124–129.


39. Zeinali A and Ehteshami M. 2006. Biology and Control of Important Weed Species. Gorgan: Gorgan University Press. 312 p.