نقش کاهش فرصت جرم در ارتقای امنیت محله‌های شهری با استفاده از رویکرد مکانی (مطالعه موردی: محله‌های سعدی و کوشک میدان، شهر شیراز)

محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه علمی برنامه ریزی منطقه ای

علیرضا عبداله زاده فرد ¹ (استادیار گروه شهرسازی، واحد صفاشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، صفاشهر، ایران)
روجا خسروی ² (مربی گروه شهرسازی، واحد بیضا، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بیضا، ایران)

تاریخ دریافت : 1396/06/27 تاریخ پذیرش : 1396/10/30 تاریخ انتشار : 1396/10/01

کلید واژه: کاهش فرصت جرم, ارتقای امنیت محله, رویکرد مکانی,

چکیده مقاله :

جرم در یک تقاطع زمانی و مکانی فاقد نظارت و مراقبت، وقتی بزهکار با انگیزه و بزه‌دیده مناسب با هم مواجه می‌شوند، به وجود می‌آید. تا پیش از قرن بیستم تأکید جرم‌شناسان بر پیشگیری اجتماعی از جرم بود. تغییر جهت اساسی از عامل انسانی که جرم را به وجود می‌آورد به مکان یعنی جایی که جرم اتفاق می‌افتد، در این زمان رخ داد و رویکرد پیشگیری مکانی از وقوع جرم مطرح شد. بر اساس نظریات مطرح شده در این رویکرد با کاهش فرصت ارتکاب جرم به واسطه تغییرات در محیط می‌توان امنیت را افزایش داد. بدین منظور پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش کاهش فرصت جرم در ارتقای امنیت محله‌های شهری با استفاده از رویکرد مکانی انجام گرفته است. روش مطالعه پیمایش و ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها پرسشنامه‌ی محقق ساخته می‌باشد. دو محله سعدی و کوشک میدان واقع در شهر شیراز با توجه به قرارگیری در محدوده بافت‌های ناکارآمد شهری به عنوان نمونه موردی انتخاب شدند. تعداد حجم نمونه برای هر یک از محله‌ها با استفاده از فرمول کوکران و با توجه به حجم جامعه تعیین گردید. داده‌ها توسط نرم‌افزارهای SPSS , AMOS تحلیل شده‌اند. روش نمونه‌گیری «تصادفی ساده» می‌باشد. ضریب آلفای کرونباخ برای سنجش روایی و اعتبار پرسشنامه و روش معادلات ساختاری جهت بررسی نقش کاهش فرصت ارتکاب جرم در افزایش امنیت ساکنین محله‌های شهری استفاده شده است. یافته‌های تحقیق حاکی از آن است که در محله سعدی به ازای یک واحد کاهش در فرصت جرم، متغیر امنیت به میزان 0.78 ارتقا می‌یابد. این میزان برای محله کوشک میدان 0.63می‌باشد. از میان ابعاد کاهش فرصت جرم، تاثیرگذارترین بعد بر ارتقاء امنیت در محله سعدی همبستگی اجتماعی و در محله کوشک میدان، قلمروگرایی می‌باشند. بنابراین با دقت در میزان اثر متغیرهای فوق می‌توان راهکارهای مناسب برای ارتقای امنیت در محدوده‌های مطالعاتی را تعیین نمود.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Crime will occur only where there is a convergence in space and time of motivated offenders, suitable targets and the absence of capable guardians. Before 20th century, criminologists emphasized on recognizing the felon characteristics and empowering the victims. Then a "positional prevention approach" was introduced as a result of a fundamental shift from human characteristics to environmental factors. It is assumed that fewer opportunities for committing a crime will lead to higher security of the place. This study evaluated the role of decreasing environmental opportunities for crime in increasing neighborhood security. Koshk meidan and Saadi neighborhoods, in the city of Shiraz, were selected as case studies regarding their inefficient urban environments. Simple random method was chosen for this research's sampling and the sample size calculated based on Cochran formula. Then the data have been processed using Spss and Amos. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for questionnaire Reliability test and Structural equation model was used to evaluate the role of crime opportunities in neighborhood's security. The results showed that for every unit decrease in crime opportunities, the neighborhood's security would increase 0.78 unit for Saadi and 0.63 unit for Koshk meidan. Among all factors influencing crime opportunity reduction, social cohesion in Saadi and Territoriality in Koshk meidan had the strongest effect on improving security. By paying more attention in the scope of above factors on improving neighborhood security, proper guidelines could be introduced.

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