برآورد تغییرات فضایی- زمانی شدت جزیره حرارتی کلانشهر تهران با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای LANDSAT8 و ASTER ASTER

محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه علمی برنامه ریزی منطقه ای

هادی رضایی راد ¹ , مجتبی رفیعیان ²

1 - دانش‌آموخته دکترای شهرسازی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران
2 - دانشیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

تاریخ دریافت : 1395/08/17 تاریخ پذیرش : 1396/05/31 تاریخ انتشار : 1396/08/01

کلید واژه: کلانشهر تهران, جزیره حرارتی, حرارت سطوح شهری, مصرف انرژی شهری, آزمون من- کندال,

چکیده مقاله :

جزیره حرارتی شهر یکی از بارزترین مضاهر آب و هوایی شهرنشینی در شهرهای امروزی است. افزایش دمای شهری به شدت باعث افزایش تقاضای برق برای تهویه هوای داخل ساختمان­ها، میزان غلظت هوا و افزایش انتشار آلودگی‌های نیروگاه برق از جمله دی اکسید گوگرد، مونواکسید کربن، اکسید نیتروژن و ذرات معلق می‌شود. بدین ترتیب تحلیل و درک پویایی حرارت شهری و شناسایی ارتباط آن با تغییرات منشاء انسانی برای مدلسازی، پیش‌بینی تغییرات محیطی و نهایتا سیاستگذاری شهری الزامی به نظر می‌رسد. بنابراین هدف پژوهش حاضر برآورد فضایی- زمانی جزیره حرارتی مناطق بیست و دوگانه‌ی شهر تهران بین سالهای 94-1382 در اثر تحولات توسعه‌ی کالبدی شهر است. در فرآیند دست‌یابی به هدف مورد نظر تصاویر ماهواره‌ای بدون پوشش ابری و صاف کلانشهر تهران توسط ماهواره‌ی Landsat8 برای مرداد ماه سال 1394 و ماهواره‌ی Aster برای مرداد ماه سال 1382 تهیه شده است. این تصاویر از طریق الگوریتم‌های طراحی شده و در محیط Envi به الگوهای فضایی جزیره حرارتی مناطق 22گانه شهر تهران تبدیل شده است. مقایسه و تحلیل الگوهای فضایی جزایر حرارتی در سیر زمانی 1394-1384 با استفاده از آزمون من- کندال نشان از 0.6 همبستگی فضایی داشته است، این بدان معناست که در 40% از سطح شهر تهران طی تقریبا یک دهه‌ی اخیر به دلایل اثرات توسعه‌ی کالبدی شهر الگوی فضایی جزیره حرارتی تغییر یافته  است. همچنین سایر نتایج نشان از کاهش کمینه‌ی حرارت سطح (c̊ 3.67) و کاهش میانگین حرارت سطح (‌c̊ 0.47) طی یک دهه‌ی اخیر شهر تهران دارد. البته شایان ذکر است روند تحولات الگوی فضایی جزیره حرارتی که ناشی از تغییرات سیاست‌های کالبدی- عملکردی و فعالیت‌های انسانی است، در حوزه‌ی غربی شهر بویژه در مناطق 5 ، 22 و قسمت شرقی منطقه‌ی 21 بیشترین تحولات را به خود اختصاص داده‌اند.

چکیده انگلیسی:

The simplest definition of urbanization is that urbanization is the process of becoming urban. Urban climate is defined by specific climate conditions which differ from surrounding rural areas. Urban areas, for example, have higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas and weaker winds. Land Surface Temperature is an important phenomenon in global climate change. As the green house gases in the atmosphere increases, the LST will also increase. Energy and water exchanges at the biosphere–atmosphere interface have major influences on the Earth's weather and climate. Numerical models ranging from local to global scales must represent and predict effects of surface fluxes. In this study, LST for Tehran Metropolitan, was derived using SW algorithm with the use of Landsat 8 Optical Land Imager (OLI) of 30 m resolution and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIR) data of 100 m resolution. SW algorithm needs spectral radiance and emissivity of two TIR bands as input for deriving LST. The spectral radiance was estimated using TIR bands 10 and 11. Emissivity was derived with the help of land cover threshold technique for which OLI bands 2, 3, 4 and 5 were used. The output revealed that LST was high in the barren regions whereas it was low in the hilly regions because of vegetative cover. As the SW algorithm uses both the TIR bands (10 and 11) and OLI bands 2, 3, 4 and 5, the LST generated using them were more reliable and accurate.

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