How Islam Entered and Spread in India
محورهای موضوعی : Archaeology
Rohma Bordbar
1
,
Mahmood Seyyed
2
,
Reza Dehghani
3
1 - Department of History and Archaeology, CT.C. Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 - Department of History and Archaeology, CT.C. Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3 - Department of History, Faculty of World Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
کلید واژه: Islam, India, Iranians, Conquests, Sufism, Scientists, Merchants,
چکیده مقاله :
The land of India has been the cradle of different religions and beliefs since the distant past, the religion of Islam opened its way to the land of India shortly after reaching Iraq and Iran. But due to the special conditions of India, it entered this land in different ways and the process of Islamization lasted for several centuries. The purpose of this article is to study and investigate the reasons for the diversity of species and forms of Islam's entry into India. In accordance with such a goal, the present article tries to answer the question why Islam entered India in various forms such as the Islam of conquerors, the Islam of merchants, Sufi Islam, etc. The findings of the research show that the vastness of the land, the ancient civilization of India, the diverse and numerous religious structure, and a spirit of tolerance towards other religions and ideas were among the factors that facilitated the entry of Islam into this land in various forms. And it established a special type of Islamization for this land, which is rare in other places where Islam entered. The research method in this article is based on the descriptive-analytical method and collecting information in that library method.
The land of India has been the cradle of different religions and beliefs since the distant past, the religion of Islam opened its way to the land of India shortly after reaching Iraq and Iran. But due to the special conditions of India, it entered this land in different ways and the process of Islamization lasted for several centuries. The purpose of this article is to study and investigate the reasons for the diversity of species and forms of Islam's entry into India. In accordance with such a goal, the present article tries to answer the question why Islam entered India in various forms such as the Islam of conquerors, the Islam of merchants, Sufi Islam, etc. The findings of the research show that the vastness of the land, the ancient civilization of India, the diverse and numerous religious structure, and a spirit of tolerance towards other religions and ideas were among the factors that facilitated the entry of Islam into this land in various forms. And it established a special type of Islamization for this land, which is rare in other places where Islam entered. The research method in this article is based on the descriptive-analytical method and collecting information in that library method.
Arnold, Sir Thomas. (2006). History of the Spread of Islam, Translated by Abolfazl Ezzati, Tehran: University of Tehran Press.
Ahmed, Aziz. (1988). History of Islamic Thought in India, Translated by Naqi Lotfi and Mohammad Jafar Yahaghi, Tehran: Kayhan Publications and Scientific and Cultural Publications.
Badawi, Abdolrahman. (1996). The History of Islamic Sufism from the Beginning to the End of the Second Century AH, Translated by Mohammad Reza Iftikharzadeh, Qom: Ma'aref Publishing Office.
Biruni, Abu Rayhan Muhammad bin Ahmad. (1983). Tahqiq-e Malalhind, Translated by Manouchehr Sadouqi Soha, Tehran: Institute for Cultural Studies and Research.
Beyhaqi, Abolfazl Mohammad Ibn Hossein. (1945). Tarikh-e Beyhaqi, Tehran: Ministry of Culture.
Durant, William. (1978). The suffocation of India, translated by R. Namvar, Tehran: Nashrigam, Shahenshahi.
Durant, William. (1986). History of Civilization, Translated by Ahmad Aram, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publishing Company (Islamic Revolution Education).
Dolphins, Fraser. (1937). History of India, translated by Seyyed Mohammad Fakhrdaei Gilani, Tehran: Education Commission Publications.
Daftari, Farhad. (2012). History of Ismaili Traditions, Translated by Fereydoun Badrehie, Tehran: Farzan Rooz Publications.
Estakhri, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim. (1989). Al-Masalik wa al-Mamlik, by Iraj Afshar, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications.
Farahani Monfared, Mahdi. (2002) The Link between Politics and Culture in the Era of the Decline of the Timurids and the Rise of the Safavids, Tehran: Institute of Printing and Publishing, University of Tehran.
Hassan, Moshir. (1988). Islamic Movement and Ethnic Tendencies in the Indian Colony, Mashhad: Astan Quds Razavi Research Foundation Publications.
Hekmat, Ali Asghar. (1958). The Land of India, Tehran: University of Tehran.
Hojwiri, Abolhassan Ali Ibn Othman. (1957) Kashf al-Mahjoub, edited by Mohammad Abbasi, Tehran, Amir Kabir.
Lynn Poole, Stanley. (1984). The Classes of the Sultans of Islam, Translated by Abbas Iqbal, Tehran: World of Books.
Ibn Battuta, Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Abdullah. (1997) Travelogue, translated by Mohammad Ali Movahed, Tehran: Agah Publications.
Ibn Arabshah, Ahmad. (1960). The Amazing Life of Timur (Ajayeb al-Maqdour fi Akhbar-e Timur), Translated by Mohammad Ali Nejati, Tehran: Book Translation and Publishing Agency.
Irshad, Farhang. (2000). Historical Migration of Iranians to India, Tehran: Publications of the Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.
Jaberi, Narges. Migration of Iranians to India, Journal of Subcontinent Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, Winter.
Jafarian, Rasoul. (2000). Safavids in the Field of Religion, Culture and Politics, Tehran: Research Institute of Seminary and University.
Jalali Naeini, Mohammad Reza. (1996). India at a Glance, Tehran: Shirazeh Publications.
Jozjani, Minhaj Seraj. (1984). Tabaqat-e Naseri, Tehran, Donya Kitab Publications.
Kasravi, Ahmad. (1963) Sufism, Tehran: Farrokhi.
Kufi, Ali ibn Hamid. (No date). Fath Namah of Sindh known as Chachnameh, edited by Umar ibn Mohammad, Dawud Pune, Hyderabad Deccan.
Mojtabaei, Fathollah. Cultural Ties between Iran and India in the Islamic Period, Translated by Abolfazl Mahmoudi, Tehran, Iranian Research Institute of Wisdom and Philosophy.
Mojtabaei, Fathollah. (2010). Cultural Ties between Iran and India in the Islamic Period, Translated by Abolfazl Mahmoudi, Tehran: Iranian Research Institute of Wisdom and Philosophy.
Mirjafari, Hossein. (2000). History of the Timurids and Turkmans, Tehran and Isfahan: Samt and University of Isfahan Publications.
Muhammad Ali Khan. (1972). India in the Mughal Era, Armaghan Magazine, Translated by Mohammad Hossein Saket, No. 1, March.
Mirza Sami'a. (1989). Tazkira al-Muluk, by Mohammad Dabir Siaghi, Tehran: Amir Kabir.
Naqavi, Seyed Haidar. (1963). Manifestations of Iranian Language and Culture in India and Pakistan, Art and People Journal, No. 144.
Nehru, Jawaharlal. (1971). The Discovery of India, Translated by Mahmoud Tafazoli, Tehran: Sepehr Publishing.
Qazwini, Zakariyya b. Mohammad b. Mahmoud. (1992). Asar al-Bilad wa Akhbar al-'Ibad, translated by Mohammad Murad ibn Abd al-Rahman, Tehran: University of Tehran Press.
Razmara, Morteza. (2005). Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Research Mirror, No. 3.
Sadati, Ahmad Mahmoud. (1970). History of Muslims in the Indian and Pakistani Subcontinent and Their Civilization, Cairo: Nahdhat al-Sharq Library.
Safi, Qasem. (2008). The Spring of Literature: A Brief History of Persian Language and Literature in the Indo-Pakistani Subcontinent, Tehran: University of Tehran Press.
Sajjadi, Ziauddin. (1997). Introduction to the Foundations of Mysticism and Sufism, Tehran: Samt.
Schwan, Fritjoff. (2009). Castes and Races, Translated by Kamran Sasani and Babak Alikhani, Tehran: Soraya Publications.
Schimmel, Anne Marie. (2007) In the Realm of the Mongol Khanate, Translated by Faramarz Najd Sami'ei, Tehran: Amirkabir Publications.
Tapar, Romilla. (2008). History of India, Translated by Homayoun Sanatizadeh, Qom, Adyan Publishing.
Tara Chand. (1995). The Impact of Islam on Indian Culture, Translated by Ali Pirnia and Ezzeddin Osmani, Tehran: Pazhang Publications.
Toynbee, Arnold. (1983). History of Civilization, Translated by Yaqub Pazhang, Tehran: Mola Publications.
Yari, Siavosh. (2009). History of Islam in India to the Fifth Century AH, Qom: Nashr-e adian.
Yazdi, Sharaf al-Din Ali. (2000). Zafarnameh, edited by Mohammad Abbasi, Tehran: Amir Kabir.
Yektaie, Majid. (1974). The Influence of Iranian and Islamic Culture and Civilization in the Land of India and Pakistan, Tehran: Iqbal Publishing.
Zarrinkoob, Abdolhossein. (1983). The Value of Sufi Heritage, Tehran: Amir Kabir.
Zarrinkoob, Abdolhossein. (2004). Iranian Sufism in its Historical Perspective, Translated by Majd al-Din Keyvani, Tehran: Sokhan.
