Thymol and its effects on the obesity parameters and fat tissue in NMRI mice
محورهای موضوعی : مجله گیاهان داروییFatemeh Jalalvand 1 , Seyed Afshin Nateghi Shahrokni 2 , Ali Ebrahimi 3
1 - Department of Biology, Malard Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran;
2 - Department of Biology, Malard Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran;
3 - Department of Biology, Malard Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran;
کلید واژه: Thymol, obesity, TNF-α, adiponectin, adipose tissue ,
چکیده مقاله :
Background & Aim: Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. This study investigated the influence of thymol on obesity, liver enzymes and adipose tissue in mice fed a high fat diet (HFD). Experimental: Male NMRI mice were divided into two groups; the control group that given normal rodent diet and obese group that received HFD for 8 weeks. The obese animals were divided into 3 groups: one group received thymol orally (12 mg/kg body weight) for a period of 56 days. Obese group didn't receive any treatment and the sham groups received thymol (12 mg/kg body weight) dissolved in grape seed oil. Alteration in body weight gain and serum biochemical markers were assessed and fat tissue was fixed in formalin in order to prepare microscopic slides. Finally, body weight, liver enzymes (ALT and AST), TNF-α‚ adiponectin‚ total antioxidant (TAC) and leptin levels were measured in obese mice compared with control mice. Results: Thymol treatment resulted in increased serum adiponectin and TAC level, while significantly reduced TNF-α level (P<0.05). The leptin level decreased in HFD mice, but it was not significant (P>0.05). Serum ALT and AST levels were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in HFD mice, compare with control. The diameter of adipose cells were decreased in thymol-supplementation mice (P<0.001). This combination does not lead to significant reduction in body weight, but it can help to prevent weight gain. Recommended applications/industries: The thymol was able to prevent HFD induced obesity in mice and attenuation of inflammation markers.
Background & Aim: Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. This study investigated the influence of thymol on obesity, liver enzymes and adipose tissue in mice fed a high fat diet (HFD). Experimental: Male NMRI mice were divided into two groups; the control group that given normal rodent diet and obese group that received HFD for 8 weeks. The obese animals were divided into 3 groups: one group received thymol orally (12 mg/kg body weight) for a period of 56 days. Obese group didn't receive any treatment and the sham groups received thymol (12 mg/kg body weight) dissolved in grape seed oil. Alteration in body weight gain and serum biochemical markers were assessed and fat tissue was fixed in formalin in order to prepare microscopic slides. Finally, body weight, liver enzymes (ALT and AST), TNF-α‚ adiponectin‚ total antioxidant (TAC) and leptin levels were measured in obese mice compared with control mice. Results: Thymol treatment resulted in increased serum adiponectin and TAC level, while significantly reduced TNF-α level (P<0.05). The leptin level decreased in HFD mice, but it was not significant (P>0.05). Serum ALT and AST levels were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in HFD mice, compare with control. The diameter of adipose cells were decreased in thymol-supplementation mice (P<0.001). This combination does not lead to significant reduction in body weight, but it can help to prevent weight gain. Recommended applications/industries: The thymol was able to prevent HFD induced obesity in mice and attenuation of inflammation markers.
Abete, I., Parra, D. and Martinez, J.A. 2009. Legume-fish- or high-protein-based hypocaloric diets: effects on weight loss and mitochondrial oxidation in obese men. Journal of Medicinal Food, 12(1): 100-108.
Bahadoran, Z., Golzarand, M., Mirmiran, P., Shiva, N. and Azizi, N. 2012. Dietary total antioxidant capacity and the occurrence of metabolic syndrome and its components after a 3-year follow-up in adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Nutrition and Metabolism (Lond), 9(1): 70-75.
Bastard, J.P., Maachi, M., Lagathu, C., Kim, M.J., Caron, M., Vidal, H., Capeau, J. and Feve, B. 2006. Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. European Cytokine Network, 17(1): 4-12.
Beena, Kumar, D. and Rawat, D.S. 2013. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of thymol and carvacrol based Schiff bases. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 23(3): 641-645.
Carpentier, A., Pataky, Z., Bobbioni-Harsch, E. and Golay, A. 2013. Micronutrient deficiency in obesity. Revue Medicale Suisse, 9(379): 666-669.
Del Rio, D., Agnoli, C., Pellegrini, N., Krogh, V., Brighenti, F., Mazzeo, T., Masala, G., Bendinelli, B., Berrino, F., Sieri, S., Tumino, R., Rollo P.C., Gallo, V., Sacerdote, C., Mattiello, A., Chiodini, P. and Panico, S. 2011. Total antioxidant capacity of the diet is associated with lower risk of ischemic stroke in a large Italian cohort. Journal of Nutrition, 141(1): 118-123.
Dhaneshwar, S., Patel, V., Patil, D. and Meena, G. 2013. Studies on synthesis, stability, release and pharmacodynamic profile of a novel diacerein-thymol prodrug. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 23(1): 55-61.
Ejaz, A., Wu, D., Kwan, P. and Meydani, M. 2009. Curcumin inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and angiogenesis and obesity in C57/BL mice. Jouenal of Nutrition, 139(5): 919-925.
Elizondo-Montemayor, L., Ugalde-Casas, P.A., Lam-Franco, L., Bustamante-Careaga, H., Serrano-Gonzalez, M., Gutiérrez, N.G. and Martinez, U. 2014. Association of ALT and the metabolic syndrome among Mexican children. Obesity Research and Clinical Practice, 8(1): e79-87.
Ellulu, M.S., Patimah, I., Khaza'ai, H., Rahmat, A. and Abed, Y. 2017. Obesity and inflammation: the linking mechanism and the complications. Archives Medicinal Science, 13(4): 851-863.
Faienza, M.F., Francavilla, R., Goffredo, R., Ventura, A., Marzano, F., Panzarino, G., Marinelli, G., Cavallo, L. and Bitonto, G.D. 2012. Oxidative stress in obesity and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Hormone Research in Paediatrics, 78(3): 158-164.
Goossens, G.H. 2017. The metabolic phenotype in obesity: Fat mass, body fat distribution, and adipose tissue function. Obesity Facts, 10(3): 207-215.
Haque, M.R., Ansari, S.H., Najmi, A.K. and Ahmad, M.A. 2014. Monoterpene phenolic compound thymol prevents high fat diet induced obesity in murine model. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 24(2): 116-123.
Hashemipour, H., Kermanshahi, H., Golian, A. and Veldkamp, T. 2013. Effect of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, fatty acid composition, digestive enzyme activities, and immune response in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 92(8): 2059-2069.
Hotamisligil, G.S., Shargill, N.S. and Spiegelman, B.M. 1993. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science, 259(5091): 87-91.
Hwalla, N. and Jaafar, Z. 2020. Dietary management of obesity: A review of the evidence. Diagnostics (Basel), 11(1): 24-28.
Libby, P., Okamoto, Y., Rocha, V.Z. and Folco, E. 2010. Inflammation in atherosclerosis: transition from theory to practice. Circulation Journal, 74(2): 213-220.
Lopez-Legarrea, P., de la Iglesia, R., Abete, I., Bondia-Pons, I., Navas-Carretero, S., Forga, L., Martinez, J.A. and Zulet, M.A. 2013. Short-term role of the dietary total antioxidant capacity in two hypocaloric regimes on obese with metabolic syndrome symptoms: the RESMENA randomized controlled trial. Nutrition and Metabolism (Lond), 10(1): 22.
Nagaraju, G.P., Aliya, S. and Alese, O.B. 2015. Role of adiponectin in obesity related gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Review, 26(1): 83-93.
Nagoor Meeran, M.F., Javed, H., Al Taee, H., Azimullah, S. and Ojha, S.K. 2017. Pharmacological properties and molecular mechanisms of thymol: prospects for its therapeutic potential and pharmaceutical development. Front Pharmacology, 8: 380.
Nunes, J., Farias, I.A.P., Vieira, C.A., Ribeiro, T.M., Sampaio, F.C. and Menezes, V.A. 2020. Antimicrobial activity and toxicity of glass ionomer cement containing an essential oil. Brazilian Journal of Medicinal Biological Research, 53(12): e9468.
Rubio-Almanza, M., Cámara-Gómez, R. and Merino-Torres, J.F. 2019. Obesity and type 2 diabetes: Also linked in therapeutic options. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutrition (Engl Ed), 66(3): 140-149.
Sakai, S., Iizuka, N., Fujiwara, M., Miyoshi, M., Aoyama, M., Maeshige, N., Hamada, Y., Usami, Y. and Usami, M. 2013. Mild obesity reduces survival and adiponectin sensitivity in endotoxemic rats. Journal of Surgical Research, 185. 353-363:(1).
Tzanavari, T., Giannogonas, P. and Karalis, K.P. 2010. TNF-alpha and obesity. Current Directions in Autoimmunity, 11: 145-156.
Van Dielen, F.M., Buurman, W.A., Hadfoune, M., Nijhuis, J. and Greve, J.W. 2004. Macrophage inhibitory factor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, other acute phase proteins, and inflammatory mediators normalize as a result of weight loss in morbidly obese subjects treated with gastric restrictive surgery. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89(8): 4062-4068.
Villanueva Bermejo, D., Angelov, I., Vicente, G., Stateva, R.P., Rodriguez García-Risco, M., Reglero, G., Ibanez, E. and Fornari, T. 2015. Extraction of thymol from different varieties of thyme plants using green solvents. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture, 95(14): 2901-2907.
Wang, Y., Yang, M., Lee, S.G., Davis, C.G., Kenny, A., Koo, S.I. and Chun, O.K. 2012. Plasma total antioxidant capacity is associated with dietary intake and plasma level of antioxidants in postmenopausal women. Journal of Nutitionr Biochemistry, 23(12): 1725-1731.
Wu, H. and Ballantyne, C.M. 2020. Metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity.
Circulation Research, 126(11): 1549-1564.
Zeng, Q., Che, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, M., Guo, Q. and Zhang, W. 2020. hymol Isolated from Thymus vulgaris L. Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Cell Growth and Metastasis by Suppressing the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Drug Design, Development and Therrapy, 14: 2535-2547.
Zhou, E., Fu, Y., Wei, Z., Yu, Y., Zhang, X. and Yang, Z. 2014. Thymol attenuates allergic airway inflammation in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse asthma. Fitoterapia, 96: 131-137.
