رقابت فناورانه چین و ایالات متحده آمریکا؛ دگرگونی مناسبات سیاسی-اقتصادی (2015-2023)
محورهای موضوعی : علوم سیاسی- روابط بین الملل
سید علی منوری
1
,
سید سعید میرترابی
2
,
نیلوفر احمدی
3
1 - عضو هیات علمی
2 - روابط بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران
3 - دانش آموخته روابط بینالملل دانشگاه خوارزمی
کلید واژه: چین, ایالات متحده آمریکا, فناوری پیشرفته, رقابت فناوری, جنگ تجاری,
چکیده مقاله :
مناسبات سیاسی _ اقتصادی چین و ایالات متحده پس از انقلاب 1949 در چین، دورههایی از تعامل و رقابت تا تقابل را پشت سر گذاشت و از سال 2015 تحت تأثیر متغیرهای گوناگون، نظام بینالمللی شاهد تشدید تنش در روابط دو کشور بود. در این پژوهشبه این پرسش پاسخ دادهایم که تشدید رقابت چین و ایالات متحده در حوزه فناوری پیشرفته چگونه بر مناسبات سیاسی و اقتصادی دو کشور در سالهای 2015-2023 تأثیر گذاشته است؟ پاسخی که با بهرهگیری از روش توصیفی-تبیینی به این پرسش داده شده است عبارت است از اینکه به کارگیری سیاست ساخت چین 2025 در سال 2015 به عنوان نخستین مرحله از راهبرد سه مرحلهای چین برای تبدیل شدن به یک رهبر جهانی در تولیدات پیشرفته، موجب تشدید تنش در مناسبات سیاسی-اقتصادی دو کشور در فاصلة سالهای 2015 تا 2023 شده است. یافتهها نشان میدهد که تلاش چین برای دستیابی به موقعیت برتر در حوزة فناوری پیشرفته، منجر به اعمال تحریمها و کنترلهای صادراتی از جانب ایالات متحده بر چین شده و این کشور را به دور زدن این محدودیتها واداشته است که پیامد این رویدادها نیز تشدید تنش در مناسبات دو کشور بوده است.
After the 1949 revolution in China, the political-economic relations between China and the United States went through periods of interaction and competition to confrontation, and since 2015, the international system witnessed the escalation of tension in the relations between the two countries. In this research we have answered the question of how the intensification of the competition between China and the United States in the field of high-tech affects Has the political and economic relations of the two countries been affected in 2015-2023? The answer that has been given to this question using the descriptive-explanatory method is that the implementation of the Made in China 2025 policy in 2015 was the first stage of China's three-stage strategy to become a global leader in advanced manufacturing, through intensifying the concerns of the United States about China's leadership in the field of high-tech have intensified the tension in the political and economic relations between the two countries between 2015 to 2023.
اصلانی، حامد، عراقچی، سیدعباس، باقریدانا، احسان(1402). «واکاوی جایگاه فناوریهای نوظهور در روابط چین و ایالات متحده آمریکا: مطالعه موردی فناوری 5جی»، دوفصلنامه سیاست و روابط بینالملل، 6(11)، از https://civilica.com/doc/1921627
شاوردی، مرضیه و ناظمی، امیر(1396). «مروری بر سیاستگذاری نوآوری در چین»، فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی سیاستگذاری عمومی، 7(24)، صص233ـ246، از https://sspp.iranjournals.ir/article-28610.html
قنبرلو، عبدالله(1391). «مبانی و مولفههای مفهومی اقتصاد سیاسی بینالملل»، جستارهای سیاسی معاصر، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، 5(2)، صص87ـ110، از https://sid.ir/paper/233492/fa
مرادی، جهانبخش و احمدیان، قدرت(1400). «تحول نقش دولت در مکاتب اقتصاد سیاسی بینالملل»، مجله مطالعات سیاست بینالملل، 1(1)، صص9ـ35، از https://dx.dio.org/10.21859/IPSJ.1.1.1
Allen, Gregory C. (2023a). “China’s New Strategy for Waging the Microchip Tech War”. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), from https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-new-strategy-waging-microchip-tech-war
Allen, Gregory C. (2023b). “In Chip Rase, China Gives Huawei the Steering Wheel Huawei’s New Smartphone and the Future of Semiconductor Export Controls”. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), from https://www.csis.org/analysis/chip-race-china-gives-huawei-steering-wheel-huaweis-new-smartphone-and-future
Allen, Gregory C. (2023c). “Update Japanese Export Controls on High-Performance Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment”. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Retrieved 2024, July 15, from https://www.csis.org/analysis/csis-translation-updated-japanese-export-controls-high-performance-semiconductor
Balke, Liudmyla (2018). “China’s New Cybersecurity Law and U.S.-China Cybersecurity Issues”. NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH, 58(1), from https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/law.scu.edu/lawreview/vol58/iss1/4/
Berger, Danial (2023). “United States Semiconductor Export Controls on China”. EURObiz, Retrieved 2023, April 23, from http://www.eurobiz.com.cn/united-states-semiconductor-export-controls-on-china/
Benson, Emily (2023a). “Updated October 7 Semiconductor Export Controls”(report). Center for Strategic and International Studies(CSIS), Retrieved 2023, October 18, from https://www.csis.org/analysis/updated-october-7-semiconductor-export-controls
Benson, Emily (2023b). “China’s New Graphite Restrictions”(report). Center for Strategic and International Studies(CSIS), Retrieved 2023, July 15, from https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-new-graphit-restrictions
Cao, Cong, Suttmeier, Richard P. and Simon, Denis Fred (2006). “China’s 15-year Science and Technology Plan”. American Institute of Physics, from https://china-us-uoregon.edu/pdf/final%20print%20version.pdf
Congressional Research Service(2023). “Made in China 2025” Industrial Policies: Issues for Congress”(reports). Updated March 10, from https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/IF10964.pdf
Danilin, Ivan V. (2020). “The U.S-China Technological War: Digital Technologies as a New Factor of World Politics?”. RUSSIA IN GLOBAL AFFAIRS, from https://www.nids.mod.go.jp/event/proceedings/symposium/pdf/2021/e-07.pdf
Gandy, Oscar H. and Farrall, Kenneth Neil (2008). “Metaphoric reinforment of the virtual fence: factors shaping the political economy of property in cyberspace”. In Chadwich, Andrew and Howard, Philip N.(editors), Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics, Routledge
Grochmalski, Piotr, Lewandowski, Piotr and Paszak, Pawel (2020). “US-China Technological Rivalry and its Implication for the Three Seas Initiative (3SI)”, European Research Studies Journal, Vol XXIII, Special Issue 2, from https://ersj.eu/journal/1901/download/US-China+Technological+Rivalry+and+its+implications++for+the+three+seas+Initiative+3SI.pdf
Glaser, Bonnis (2019). “Made in China 2025 and the Future of American Industry”, Center of Strategic and International Studies, from http://www.csis.org/analysis/made-china-2025-and-future-american-industry
Greeven, M.J. (2004). “The evolution of high-technology in China after 1978: Towards technological entrepreneurship”,Erasmus Research Institute of Management, from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract-id=636798
Guerrieri, Paolo (1992). “Technological and Trade Competition: the changing positions of the United State, Japan, and Germany”. In Harris, Martha Caldwell and Moore, Gordon(Eds.), Linking Trade Technology Policies, National Academy Press: Washington D.C, Retrieved 2002, from https://nap.nationalacademies.org/2002
Gurtov, Mel and Selden, Mark (2019). “The Dangerous New US Consensus on China and the Future of US-China Relations”. The Asia-pacific Journal: Japan Focus, 17(5), from https://apjjf.org/2019/15/Gurtov-Selden.html
Gupta, Kirti, Palazzi, Andrea(2024). “Collateral Damage: The Domestic Impact of U.S. Semiconductor Export Controls”. Center for Strategic and International Studies(CSIS), Retrieved 2024, July 15, from https://www.csis.org/analysis/collateral-damage-domestic-impact-us-semiconductor-export-controls
Hedlund, Julie A. and Atkinson, Robert D. (2007). “The rise of the New Mercantilists: unifair trade practices in the innovation economy”. The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF), from http://www2.itif.org/ITMercantilism.pdf
Jaffrelot, Christophe and Louedin (2022). “The Geotechnological Competition Between US and China as a Catalyst of the Indo-Pacific Secutiry”. Paris School of International Affairs, from https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/abservatory-indo-pacific/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/The-US-and-China-is-a-threat-to-Indo-Pacifics-security-re%81duit.pdf
Kennedy, Andrew B., Lim, Darren (2018). “The Innovation Imperative: Technology and US-China Rivalry in the Twenty-first Century”. International Afairs, 94(3), PP:553-572, from https://dio.org/1093/ia/iiy044
Koch, Charles J.(2021). “Testing the Power Transition Theory with Relative Military Power”. Journal of Strategic Security, 14(3), pp: 86-111, from https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol14/iss3/5
Kugler, Jacek and Organeski, A. F. K. (2011). “The Power Transation: A Retrospective and Prospective Evaluation”. In Midlarsky, Manus I.(Eds.), Handbook of War Studies
Majhool Al-hasnawi, Ahmed Hassan (2021). “America-China Technology Competition and its Geopolitical Dimensions”. Multicultural Education, 7(11), from http://ijdri.com/me/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/18.pdf
PRC State Council (2015). “Notice of the State Council on the Publication of Made in China 2025”.( Etcetra Language Group,Trans.) (2022), from http://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/notice-of-the-state-council-on-the-publication-of-made-in-china-2025/
Ulnicane, Inga, Knight, William, Leach, Tonii, Stahl, Berndand Wanjiku,Winter-Gladys, (2022). “Governance of Artificial Intelligence: Emerging International Trends and Policy Frames”. In Tinnirello, Maurizio(Eds.),The Global Politics of Artificial Intelligence, CRC Press
You, Wang, Dingding, Chen(2018). “Rising Sino-U.S. Competition in Artificial Intelligence”. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 4(2), pp;241-251, from https://dio.org/10.1142/s2377740018500148
Val Sanchez, K.V., and Akyesilmen, N. (2021). “Competition for High Politics in Cyberspace: Technological Conflicts Between China and the USA”. Polish Political Science Yardbook, Vol 50, from https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy202116
Wang, Feiyang (July 2023). “The US-China Technology Competition: In Inevitability, Development and impact”. In Yacob, Shakila, Cicek, Berat, Rak, Joanna and Ali, Ghaffar(Eds.),Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2023 7th International Seminar on Education Management and Social Sciences (China), (pp:336-342).Kunming: Advanced in Social Sciences, Education and Humanities Research, from http://dio.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-126-5
Zhao, Minghao (2019). “Is a New Cold War Inevitable? Chinese Perspectives on US-China Strategic Competition”. The Journal of International Politics, 12(3), pp:371-394, from https://dio.org/10.1093/cjip/poz010
Ziegler, Charles E. (2014). “Neomercantilist and Great Power Energy Competition in Central Asia and the Caspian”. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 38(4), pp:17_41, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270802
