بررسي شاخص هاي عملکرد در پروژه هاي آبياري باراني اجرا شده با يارانه دولتي در دشت ملکان
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت آب در مزرعه با هدف بهبود شاخص های مدیریتی آبیاری
فریبرز احمدزاده کلیبر
1
,
شهرام شاه محمدی کلالق
2
,
سینا فرد مرادی نیا
3
1 - استاديار، گروه علوم و مهندسي آب، واحد تبريز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي، تبريز، ايران.
2 - دانشيار، گروه علوم و مهندسي آب، واحد تبريز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي، تبريز، ايران.
3 - استاديار، گروه مهندسي عمران، واحد تبريز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي، تبريز، ايران.
کلید واژه: آبپاش, راندمان پتانسيل, راندمان کاربرد, ضريب يکنواختي, نفوذ عمقي,
چکیده مقاله :
زمينه و هدف: روش هاي مرسوم آبياري سنتي پاسخگوي نيازهاي روزافزون بشر به آب نبوده و توسعه سيستمهاي آبياري نوين روز به روز در حال افزايش است بطوريکه سالانه مبالغ زيادي در کشورها به عنوان يارانه دولتي صرف پروژههاي آبياري تحت فشار ميگردد. لذا ارزيابي مزرعهاي سيستمهاي آبياري باراني براي نمايان کردن نقاط ضعف و ارائه راهکارهاي موثر براي بهبود عملکرد آنها از جنبههاي مختلف ضروري است. هدف از اين پژوهش، بررسي شاخصهاي عملکرد سيستمهاي آبياري باراني کلاسيک ثابت با آبپاش متحرک اجرا شده با يارانه دولتي در دشت ملکان از حوضه آبريز درياچه اروميه در شمالغرب ايران است.
روش پژوهش: به منظور ارزيابي سامانههاي آبياري اجرا شده در دشت ملکان تعداد هفت مزرعه از طرحهاي اجرا شده با يارانه دولتي توسط مديريت آب وخاك سازمان جهادکشاورزي استان آذربايجانشرقي بهطور تصادفي و با شرايط متفاوت مکاني، الگوي کشت، سال اجرا و نوع و فاصله آبپاشها انتخاب شدند. شاخصهاي ارزيابي فني شامل راندمان پتانسيل ربع پايين (PELQ)، راندمان کاربرد ربع پايين (AELQ)، ضريب يکنواختي کريستين سن (CU) و يکنواختي توزيع (DU) بود. جهت ارزيابي سامانه آبياري باراني کلاسيک ثابت يکسري قوطي به قطر 14 و ارتفاع 5/9 سانتيمتر در فاصله بين سه آبپاش متوالي در شبکه مربعي 3*3 چيده شد. اندازهگيري دبي آبپاش با روش حجمي انجام يافت. جهت ثبت فشار در آبپاش در حال کار، در شيرخودکار بعدي، رايزر با يک فشارسنج نصب و فشار بصورت لحظهاي اندازهگيري شد. فشار حداکثر و حداقـل سيستم با جابجايي رايزر داراي فشارسنج در مزارع و قرائت فشار داخل ايستگاه پمپاژ اندازهگيريشد. در نهايت شاخصهاي ارزيابي با استفاده از روابط مربوط به هريک محاسبه و با مقادير استاندارد پيشنهادي مقايسه گرديد.
يافتهها: تغييرات فشار شبکه آبياري که بايد کمتر از ٢٠ درصد باشد، در هيچکدام از مزارع در محدوده مجاز قرار ندارد با اينکه مزرعه P3 با 22 درصد تغييرات فشار، داراي شرايط بهتري است. علت اصلي انحراف متوسط دبي خروجي آبپاشها از مقدار قيد شده در کاتالوگ آنها نيز مربوط به اين مطلب است. از لحاظ تغييرات فشار زياد که بيانگر عدم رعايت مباني هيدروليکي در طراحي سيستم، اجراي نادرست و يا بهرهبرداري نامطلوب است، مزرعه P1 بدترين و P3 بهترين شرايط را دارد. مقادير ضريب يکنواختي کريستيانسن و يکنواختي توزيع آب (CU و DU) در همه بلوک ها بجز P1 کمتر از مقادير پيشنهادي مريام و کلر (67/0≤≥DU 80/0 و 81/0≤CU≤87/0) مي‌باشد. بيشترين مقدار CU و DU مربوط به بلوک P1 بترتيب با 39/82 و 29/73 درصد و کمترين آنها مربوط به بلوک هاي P4 و P7 بهترتيب با 43/55 و 70/39 درصد مي‌باشد. مقادير PELQ و AELQ در همه مزارع با هم برابرند که نشان از آبياري ناقص قسمتي از اراضي دارد. بيشترين مقدار اين شاخصها نيز مربوط به بلوک P1 با مقدار 31/63 درصد و کمترين آنها مربوط به P7 با 66/37 درصد است.
نتايج: ارزيابي سامانههاي آبياري باراني دشت ملکان که با يارانه دولتي اجرا شده بودند نشان داد که اين سيستمها در وضعيت عملکرد مناسبي قرار ندارند. محاسبات بيانگر مقادير ارزيابي کمتر از مقادير توصيه شده در کليه سامانهها بود. يکنواختي توزيع آب پايين منجر شدهاست در بعضي از سيستمها ضمن وجود نفوذ عمقي بالا، کفايت آبياري نيز پايين باشد. مهمترين دليل کاهش شاخص هاي ارزيابي در سه بخش طراحي، اجرا و بهره برداري شامل فشار پايين پمپها، عمود نبودن رايزرها، وجود نشتي در شيرآلات، استفاده از آبپاشهاي غيرمجاز، خراب و فرسوده و عدم رعايت دور و ساعت آبياري تشخيص داده شد و راهکارهايي از قبيل اصلاح برنامه آبياري، تقويت پمپها و تعمير و تعويض اتصالات و آبپاشهاي معيوب جهت بهبود عملکرد هر سامانه آبياري به تفکيک بيان شد تا در موارد مشابه مورد استفاده قرار گيرد.
Introduction: The conventional methods of traditional irrigation are not responding to the ever-increasing needs of mankind for water and the development of new irrigation systems is increasing day by day, so that large sums of money are spent annually in countries as government subsidies for irrigation projects under pressure. Sums of money are spent annually in countries as government subsidies for pressurized irrigation projects. In these circumstances, field evaluation of implemented systems is necessary to reveal weak points and improve their performance. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the performance indicators of classical fixed sprinkler irrigation systems with mobile sprinklers implemented with government subsidies in the Malekan Plain in the northwest of Iran.
Methods: To evaluate the irrigation systems implemented in Malekan Plain, seven farms equipped with classical fixed sprinkler irrigation systems from the list of projects implemented with government subsidy in East Azerbaijan province were selected with different conditions in terms of location, crop pattern, year of implementation, and the model and layout of sprinklers. Performance evaluation indices included potential efficiency of lower quartile, actual efficiency of lower quartile, Christiansen uniformity coefficient and distribution uniformity. To evaluate the fixed sprinkler irrigation system, 14 cm diameter and 9.5 cm tall catch-cans were arranged in the distance between three risers in a 3x3m square grid. The measurement of the sprinkler flow rate was measured by volumetric method. To record the pressure in the working sprinkler, the riser was installed with a pressure gauge in the next automatic valve, and the pressure was measured instantly. Finally, the evaluation indices were calculated using the relationships related to each and compared with the proposed standard values.
Results: The pressure changes of the irrigation network, which should be less than 20%, are not in the allowed range in any of the farms, although the P3 farm has better conditions with 22% pressure changes. The main reason for the deviation of the average output flow of sprinklers from the value specified in their catalog is also related to this matter. In terms of high pressure changes, which indicate non-observance of hydraulic principles in system design, incorrect implementation or unfavorable operation, farm P1 has the worst conditions and P3 has the best conditions.The values of Christiansen's uniformity coefficient and distribution uniformity (CU and DU) in all farms except P1 are lower than the values suggested by Merriam and Keller (0.67 ≤DU ≤ 0.80 and 0.81≤ CU ≤ 0.87). The highest amount of CU and DU is related to P1 with 82.39% and 73.29%, respectively, and the lowest is related to P4 and P7 with 55.43% and 39.70%, respectively. The values of PELQ and AELQ are equal in all fields, which indicates incomplete irrigation of part of the field. The highest value of these indicators is related to P1 with 63.31% and the lowest value is related to P7 with 37.66%.
Conclusion: The results of the evaluation of the sprinkler irrigation systems of Malekan Plain, which were implemented with government subsidies, showed that these systems are not in a properly functioning state. The calculations showed that the evaluation values were lower than the recommended values in all systems. The low uniformity of water distribution has led to low irrigation efficiency in some systems along with high deep penetration. Important reasons for reducing the evaluation indices was detected in the three parts of design, implementation and operation includes low pressure of pumps, non-verticality of risers, leakage in valves, use of unauthorized, damaged and worn sprinklers and disobedience of designed Irrigation period and time. Finally, solutions were separately stated to improve the operation of each farm so that they can be used in similar cases.
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