تنوع زیستی محصولات زراعی در استان سیستان و بلوچستان
محورهای موضوعی :
سید مهدی جوادزاده
1
(گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد ایرانشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ایرانشهر، ایران)
منصور سلجوقیان پور
2
(گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد ایرانشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ایرانشهر، ایران)
تاریخ دریافت : 1396/10/11
تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/06/02
تاریخ انتشار : 1397/06/01
کلید واژه:
تنوع گونه‌ای,
شاخص تشابه سورنسون,
شاخص شانون,
غنای گونه‌ای,
چکیده مقاله :
این پژوهش به منظور تعیین تنوع زیستی محصولات زراعی، سطح زیر کشت و شاخص‌های تنوع زیستی استان سیستان و بلوچستان انجام شد. در کل استان بیش از 60 گونه زراعی مورد کشت قرار می گیرند که حاکی از متنوع بودن محصولات زراعی است. کلیه گیاهان زراعی به هشت گروه شامل غلات، حبوبات، گیاهان علوفه‌ای، دانه‌های روغنی، محصولات جالیزی، سبزیجات، گیاهان صنعتی و گیاهان دارویی و ادویه‌ای طبقه‌بندی شد. بین شهرستان‌های مختلف استان از نظر تنوع زیستی اختلاف زیادی وجود داشت. در مناطق مورد مطالعه، غنای گونه‌ای در ایرانشهر، خاش و چابهار به ترتیب 30، 25 و 17 به دست آمد و مقدار شاخص شانون- وینر و یکنواختی گونه‌ای به ترتیب 22/1 و 32/۰ برای کل استان به دست آمد. شاخص تنوع زیستی شانون- وینر در محصولات زراعی در گیاهان علوفه‌ای 90/1 و گیاهان دارویی 39/0 بود. همچنین شاخص یکنواختی محصولات زراعی در شهرستان‌های ایرانشهر 11/0 و سراوان 1/0 بود. به طور کلی نظام زراعی اصلی استان مبتنی بر غلات و به ویژه گندم می‌باشد؛ بنابراین، استان سیستان و بلوچستان تنوع گونه‌های زراعی مطلوبی داشته و تشابه گیاهان زراعی کشت شده بین شهرستان‌ها نسبتاً کم بود. در این استان به دلیل ویژگی‌های اقلیمی، امکان کشت گونه‌های مختلف علوفه‌ای و صنعتی امکان‌پذیر است.
چکیده انگلیسی:
This research was conducted to assess the biodiversity of crops, cropping area, species richness, and biodiversity indices in Sistan & Balouchestan province, Iran. Agronomic crops are classified into eight groups including cereals, legumes, forage plants, oilseeds, patch products, vegetables, industrial plants, medicinal herbs and spices. A great biodiversity of agronomic crops were found in different cities of the province. In the studied areas, enrichment of species in Iranshahr, Khash and Chabahar was 30, 25, and 17 respectively; also the value of Shannon-Wiener index and species uniformity were 1.22 and 0.32, respectively for the whole province. The Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index for medicinal herbs and forage plants were 1.90 and 0.39, respectively. The uniformity index of crops of Iranshahr was 0.11 and Chabahar was 0.1. Therefore, Sistan & Balouchestan Province was relatively well-positioned in terms of the diversity of crop species. However, relatively small planting in the cities was relatively low. Due to the climate characteristics of this province, it is possible to cultivate various forage and industrial species.
منابع و مأخذ:
Altieri MA (1999) The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74: 19–31.
Ardakani MR (2002) Ecology. Tehran University Press. Tehran. [in Persian]
Bajwa MA (1995) Wheat research and production in Pakistan. Proceedings of the International Symposium Wheats for More Tropical Environments, CIMMYT. Mexico City, Mexic.
Baurdry J (1999) Interaction between agriculture and ecological systems at landscape level. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 27: 119-130.
Brookfield H, Padoch C (1994) Appreciating agrodiversity: A look at the dynamism and diversity of indigenous farming practices. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 36: 7-45.
Brookfield H, Stocking M (1999) Agrodiversity: Definition, description and design. Global Environmental Change 9: 77 -80.
Brush SB (2004) Farmers’ bounty: Locating crop diversity in the contemporary world. Yale University Press. New Haven.
Bure F, Baurdy J (1995) Species biodiversity in changing agricultural landscapes: A case study in the Pays d' auge, France. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 55: 193-200.
Center of Information Technology and Communication of Ministry of Jihad-e- Agricultre (CITCMAJ). 2013. Agricultural statistic database. Ministry of Jihad-e- Agriculture Pub(2). Available at Web site http://www.maj.ir (In Persian).
Conway GR (1987) The properties of agroecosystems. Journal of Agricultural Systems 24: 95 -117.
Didier Le C, Jacques B, Françoise B, Claudine T (2002) Why and how we should study field boundary biodiversity in an agrarian landscape context. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 89: 23-40.
Engels JMM, Wood D (1999) Conservation of agrobiodiversity. In: Wood D, Lenne J, Agrobiodiversity: Characterization, Utilization and Management. CAB International Publication: Wallingford.
Falco SD, Perrings C (2005) Crop biodiversity, risk management and the implications of agricultural assistance. Ecological Economics 55: 459-466.
FAO (1999) Sustaining Agricultural Biodiversity and Agro-ecosystem Function. FAO, Rome Italy New Haven, CT, USA. Final project report, 348 pp.
Ghalegolab Behbahani A, Khoshbakht K, Davari A, Tabrizi L, Veisi H, Alipour A (2012) Assessing the effect of Socio-economic factors on Agrobiodiversity in homegardens of Jajrood and Jamabrood in Tehran province (Iran). Advances in Environmental Biology 6: 1708-1715.
Ghorbani R (2009) Ecology. Jihad Daneshgahi Mashhad Press, Mashhad. [in Persian]
Gliesssman SR (2007) Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Hilton-Taylor C (2000) IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland.
Khoshbakht K, Tabrizi L, Mahdavi Damghani A (2009) Contribution of local agricultural systems in conservation of plant genetic resources in central Alborz region/Iran. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics 92: 153-162.
Koocheki A, Nassiri M, Kamali GA, Shahandeh H (2006) Potential impacts of climate change on agrometeorological indicators in Iran. Arid Land Research and Management 20: 245-259.
Koocheki A, Jahanbin G (2003) Research project of Iran biodiversity. Final project report, Agricultural Faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad: Mashhad, Iran. [in Persian with English abstract]
Koocheki A, Nassiri Mahallati M, Najafi F (2004a) The agrobiodiversity of medicinal and aromatic plants in Iran. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 2: 208-216. [in Persian with English abstract]
Koocheki A, Nassiri Mahallati M, Asgharipoor M, Khodashenas A (2004b) Biodiversity of fruits and vegetables in Iran. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 2: 79-87. [in Persian with English abstract]
Koocheki A, Nassiri Mahallati M, Hassanzade F, Mansoori H, Amiri SR, Zarghani H, Karimian M (2013) Assessing vegetable biodiversity in Iranian Agro-ecosystems. Journal of Applied Ecology 2: 1-11. [in Persian with English abstract]
Koocheki A, Nassiri Mahallati M, Jahanbin GH, Zarae A (2004c) Diversity of crop cultivars in Iran. Desert Journal 9: 49-67. [in Persian with English abstract]
Koocheki A, Nassiri Mahallati, M, Moradi R, Alizadeh Y (2011) Meta analysis of agrobiodiversity in Iran. Journal of Agroecology 1: 1-16. [in Persian with English abstract]
Koocheki A, Nassiri Mahallati M, Zare Feiz Abadi A, Jahanbin G (2004d) Diversity of cropping systems in Iran. Animal sciences journal (Pajouhesh and Sazandegi) 63: 70-83. [in Persian with English abstract]
Koocheki A, Nassiri M, Glissman S, Zare Feiz Abadi A (2008) Agrobiodiversity of field crops: a case study for Iran. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 32: 95-122. [in Persian with English abstract]
Koocheki A, Nassiri M., Kamali GA, Shahandeh H (2006) Potential impacts of climate change onagrometeorological indicators in Iran. Arid Land Research and Management 20: 245-259.
Magurran AE (1988) Ecological diversity and its measurement. Croom Helm Publisher: London.
Meng EC, Smale M, Rozelle S, Ruifa H, Nad H, Hnag J (1999) The cost of wheat diversity in China. Proceedings of the American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, August 8-11, 1999, Nashville, Tennessee.
Moonen AC, Barberi P (2008) Functional biodiversity: An agroecosystem approach. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 127: 7-21
Mozumder P, Berrens RP (2007) Inorganic fertilizer use and biodiversity risk: An empirical investigation. Ecological Economics 62:538-543.
Nabhan GP (1989) Enduring Seeds: Native American Agriculture and Wild Plant Conservation. North Point Press: San Francisco.
Naeem S, Li S (1995) Biodiversity enhances ecosystem reliability. Nature 390: 505-509.
Nassiri Mahallati M, Koocheki A, Rezvani Moghadam P, Beheshti A (2001) Agroecology. Ferdowsi University Press: Mashhad, Iran. [in Persian]
Nassiri Mahallati M, Koocheki A, Mazaheri D (2005) Diversity of crop species in Iran. Desert Journal 10:33-50. [in Persian with English abstract]
Oldfield ML, Alcorn JB (1987) Conservation of traditional agroecosystems. Journal of Bioscience 37: 199-208.
Piha M, Tiainen J, Holopainen J, Vepsalainen V (2007) Effects of land-use and landscape characteristics on avian diversity and abundance in a boreal agricultural landscape with organic and conventional farms. Biological Conservation 140: 50-61.
Salighe M, Bareimanei F, Esmaeilnegad M (2008) Climatical regionalization on Sistan and Balouchestan Province. Geography and development 6(12): 101-106
Saxena KG, Maikhuri RK, Rao KS (2005) Change in agricultural biodiversity: implications for sustainable livelihood in the Himalaya. Journal of Mountain Science 2: 23-31.
Shannon CE (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell System Technical Journal 27: 379-423.
Sharma P, Mishra NK (2009) Ethno-medicinal uses and agrobiodiversity of Barmana region in Bilaspur district of himachal pradesh, northwestern Himalaya. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13: 709-21.
Simpson EG (1949) Measurement of diversity. Nature 163: 688.
Stocking M (2001) Agrobiodiversity: A positive means of addressing land degradation and sustainable rural livelihoods. In: Conacher, A. J. (ed.), Land Degradation. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
Tengberg AJ, Jones E, Kiome R, Stocking M (1998) Appling the concept of agrodiversity to indigenous soil and water conservation practices in eastern Kenya. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 70: 259-272.
Thrupp LA (2004) The importance of biodiversity in agroecosystems. Journal of Crop Improvement 12: 315-337.
Tscharntke T, Clough Y, Wanger T, Jackson L (2012) Global food security, biodiversity conservation and future of agricultural intensification. Biological Conservation 151: 53-59.
Turner RK, Paavola J, Cooper P, Farber S, Jessamy V, Georgiou S (2003) Valuing nature: Lessons learned and future research directions. Ecological Economics 46: 493-510.
Young-Mathews A, Cullman SW, Sanchez-Moreno S, Ogeen AT, Ferris H, Hollander AD, Jackson LE (2010) Plant-soil biodiversity relationships and nutrient retention in agricultural riparian zones of the Sacramento Valley, California. Agroforestry Systems 80: 41-60.
Zimmerer KS (1991) Managing diversity in potato and maize fields of the Peruvian Andes. Ethnobiological 11: 23-49.
Whittaker H (1972) Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon 21(2/3): 213-25.
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Altieri MA (1999) The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74: 19–31.
Ardakani MR (2002) Ecology. Tehran University Press. Tehran. [in Persian]
Bajwa MA (1995) Wheat research and production in Pakistan. Proceedings of the International Symposium Wheats for More Tropical Environments, CIMMYT. Mexico City, Mexic.
Baurdry J (1999) Interaction between agriculture and ecological systems at landscape level. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 27: 119-130.
Brookfield H, Padoch C (1994) Appreciating agrodiversity: A look at the dynamism and diversity of indigenous farming practices. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 36: 7-45.
Brookfield H, Stocking M (1999) Agrodiversity: Definition, description and design. Global Environmental Change 9: 77 -80.
Brush SB (2004) Farmers’ bounty: Locating crop diversity in the contemporary world. Yale University Press. New Haven.
Bure F, Baurdy J (1995) Species biodiversity in changing agricultural landscapes: A case study in the Pays d' auge, France. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 55: 193-200.
Center of Information Technology and Communication of Ministry of Jihad-e- Agricultre (CITCMAJ). 2013. Agricultural statistic database. Ministry of Jihad-e- Agriculture Pub(2). Available at Web site http://www.maj.ir (In Persian).
Conway GR (1987) The properties of agroecosystems. Journal of Agricultural Systems 24: 95 -117.
Didier Le C, Jacques B, Françoise B, Claudine T (2002) Why and how we should study field boundary biodiversity in an agrarian landscape context. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 89: 23-40.
Engels JMM, Wood D (1999) Conservation of agrobiodiversity. In: Wood D, Lenne J, Agrobiodiversity: Characterization, Utilization and Management. CAB International Publication: Wallingford.
Falco SD, Perrings C (2005) Crop biodiversity, risk management and the implications of agricultural assistance. Ecological Economics 55: 459-466.
FAO (1999) Sustaining Agricultural Biodiversity and Agro-ecosystem Function. FAO, Rome Italy New Haven, CT, USA. Final project report, 348 pp.
Ghalegolab Behbahani A, Khoshbakht K, Davari A, Tabrizi L, Veisi H, Alipour A (2012) Assessing the effect of Socio-economic factors on Agrobiodiversity in homegardens of Jajrood and Jamabrood in Tehran province (Iran). Advances in Environmental Biology 6: 1708-1715.
Ghorbani R (2009) Ecology. Jihad Daneshgahi Mashhad Press, Mashhad. [in Persian]
Gliesssman SR (2007) Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Hilton-Taylor C (2000) IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland.
Khoshbakht K, Tabrizi L, Mahdavi Damghani A (2009) Contribution of local agricultural systems in conservation of plant genetic resources in central Alborz region/Iran. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics 92: 153-162.
Koocheki A, Nassiri M, Kamali GA, Shahandeh H (2006) Potential impacts of climate change on agrometeorological indicators in Iran. Arid Land Research and Management 20: 245-259.
Koocheki A, Jahanbin G (2003) Research project of Iran biodiversity. Final project report, Agricultural Faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad: Mashhad, Iran. [in Persian with English abstract]
Koocheki A, Nassiri Mahallati M, Najafi F (2004a) The agrobiodiversity of medicinal and aromatic plants in Iran. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 2: 208-216. [in Persian with English abstract]
Koocheki A, Nassiri Mahallati M, Asgharipoor M, Khodashenas A (2004b) Biodiversity of fruits and vegetables in Iran. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 2: 79-87. [in Persian with English abstract]
Koocheki A, Nassiri Mahallati M, Hassanzade F, Mansoori H, Amiri SR, Zarghani H, Karimian M (2013) Assessing vegetable biodiversity in Iranian Agro-ecosystems. Journal of Applied Ecology 2: 1-11. [in Persian with English abstract]
Koocheki A, Nassiri Mahallati M, Jahanbin GH, Zarae A (2004c) Diversity of crop cultivars in Iran. Desert Journal 9: 49-67. [in Persian with English abstract]
Koocheki A, Nassiri Mahallati, M, Moradi R, Alizadeh Y (2011) Meta analysis of agrobiodiversity in Iran. Journal of Agroecology 1: 1-16. [in Persian with English abstract]
Koocheki A, Nassiri Mahallati M, Zare Feiz Abadi A, Jahanbin G (2004d) Diversity of cropping systems in Iran. Animal sciences journal (Pajouhesh and Sazandegi) 63: 70-83. [in Persian with English abstract]
Koocheki A, Nassiri M, Glissman S, Zare Feiz Abadi A (2008) Agrobiodiversity of field crops: a case study for Iran. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 32: 95-122. [in Persian with English abstract]
Koocheki A, Nassiri M., Kamali GA, Shahandeh H (2006) Potential impacts of climate change onagrometeorological indicators in Iran. Arid Land Research and Management 20: 245-259.
Magurran AE (1988) Ecological diversity and its measurement. Croom Helm Publisher: London.
Meng EC, Smale M, Rozelle S, Ruifa H, Nad H, Hnag J (1999) The cost of wheat diversity in China. Proceedings of the American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, August 8-11, 1999, Nashville, Tennessee.
Moonen AC, Barberi P (2008) Functional biodiversity: An agroecosystem approach. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 127: 7-21
Mozumder P, Berrens RP (2007) Inorganic fertilizer use and biodiversity risk: An empirical investigation. Ecological Economics 62:538-543.
Nabhan GP (1989) Enduring Seeds: Native American Agriculture and Wild Plant Conservation. North Point Press: San Francisco.
Naeem S, Li S (1995) Biodiversity enhances ecosystem reliability. Nature 390: 505-509.
Nassiri Mahallati M, Koocheki A, Rezvani Moghadam P, Beheshti A (2001) Agroecology. Ferdowsi University Press: Mashhad, Iran. [in Persian]
Nassiri Mahallati M, Koocheki A, Mazaheri D (2005) Diversity of crop species in Iran. Desert Journal 10:33-50. [in Persian with English abstract]
Oldfield ML, Alcorn JB (1987) Conservation of traditional agroecosystems. Journal of Bioscience 37: 199-208.
Piha M, Tiainen J, Holopainen J, Vepsalainen V (2007) Effects of land-use and landscape characteristics on avian diversity and abundance in a boreal agricultural landscape with organic and conventional farms. Biological Conservation 140: 50-61.
Salighe M, Bareimanei F, Esmaeilnegad M (2008) Climatical regionalization on Sistan and Balouchestan Province. Geography and development 6(12): 101-106
Saxena KG, Maikhuri RK, Rao KS (2005) Change in agricultural biodiversity: implications for sustainable livelihood in the Himalaya. Journal of Mountain Science 2: 23-31.
Shannon CE (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell System Technical Journal 27: 379-423.
Sharma P, Mishra NK (2009) Ethno-medicinal uses and agrobiodiversity of Barmana region in Bilaspur district of himachal pradesh, northwestern Himalaya. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13: 709-21.
Simpson EG (1949) Measurement of diversity. Nature 163: 688.
Stocking M (2001) Agrobiodiversity: A positive means of addressing land degradation and sustainable rural livelihoods. In: Conacher, A. J. (ed.), Land Degradation. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
Tengberg AJ, Jones E, Kiome R, Stocking M (1998) Appling the concept of agrodiversity to indigenous soil and water conservation practices in eastern Kenya. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 70: 259-272.
Thrupp LA (2004) The importance of biodiversity in agroecosystems. Journal of Crop Improvement 12: 315-337.
Tscharntke T, Clough Y, Wanger T, Jackson L (2012) Global food security, biodiversity conservation and future of agricultural intensification. Biological Conservation 151: 53-59.
Turner RK, Paavola J, Cooper P, Farber S, Jessamy V, Georgiou S (2003) Valuing nature: Lessons learned and future research directions. Ecological Economics 46: 493-510.
Young-Mathews A, Cullman SW, Sanchez-Moreno S, Ogeen AT, Ferris H, Hollander AD, Jackson LE (2010) Plant-soil biodiversity relationships and nutrient retention in agricultural riparian zones of the Sacramento Valley, California. Agroforestry Systems 80: 41-60.
Zimmerer KS (1991) Managing diversity in potato and maize fields of the Peruvian Andes. Ethnobiological 11: 23-49.
Whittaker H (1972) Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon 21(2/3): 213-25.
