بهینهسازی پیوند آب، انرژی و غذا در حوزه آبخیز پیشکوه، استان یزد
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت بهینه منابع آب و خاکساناز پورفلاح اسدآبادی 1 , سيدحميدرضا صادقي 2 , مهدي وفاخواه 3 , مجید دلاور 4
1 - دانشجوي دکتري علوم و مهندسي آبخيزداري، دانشگاه تربيت مدرس نور، ايران
2 - استاد، گروه مهندسي آبخيزداري، دانشکده منابع طبيعي، دانشگاه تربيت مدرس نور، ايران
3 - استاد، گروه مهندسي آبخيزداري، دانشکده منابع طبيعي، دانشگاه تربيت مدرس نور، ايران
4 - دانشيار، گروه مهندسي و مديريت آب، دانشکده کشاورزي، دانشگاه تربيت مدرس تهران، ايران
کلید واژه: امنيت آبخيز, توليد پايدار, مديريت جامع, مديريت سازگار آب‌‌وخاک,
چکیده مقاله :
زمينه و هدف: رشد جمعيت و لزوم تأمين نيازهاي زيستي انسان به‌ويژه در کشورهاي درحال‌توسعه، منجر به استفاده‌هاي غيراصولي از منابع آب‌‌وخاک شده است. به‌طوري‌که راهبرد افزايش توليد با بهره‌برداري بيش‌ازحد از منابع، امروزه کشور را با بحران جدي، به‌ويژه درزمينه آب و محيط‌زيست، مواجه کرده است. از طرفي مديريت ناصحيح منابع آب وخاک، امنيت آبي و غذايي کشور بهعنوان يکي از اصلي‌ترين اهداف کلان ملي را در معرض تهديد قرار داده است. امروزه عليرغم اهميت پيوند آب-انرژي و غذا بهعنوان يک رويکرد مديريتي سازگار منابع، از اين رويکرد کمتر در مديريت جامع آبخيز استفاده شده است. لذا در پژوهش حاضر رويکرد جديد بهينهسازي پيوند آب، انرژي و غذا در مديريت سازگار حوزه آبخيز پيشکوه استفاده شد.
روش پژوهش: در اين پژوهش براي بهينهسازي پيوند WEF شاخصهاي مصرف آب و انرژي، بهرهوري و بهرهوري اقتصادي آب و انرژي و سرانه موجوديت غذا در نه گروه زارعي اول (شامل محصولات سيب، گلابي، به، آلبالو، گيلاس، آلو، هلو، زردآلو، گوجهسبز، بادام و گردو)، دوم (شامل انگور، سنجد، زرشک، توت، انجير و عناب)، سوم (شامل عدس، نخود و لوبيا)، چهارم (آفتابگردان)، پنجم (شامل گوجهفرنگي، بادمجان، هويج، کدو و کلم)، ششم (هندوانه)، هفتم (شامل يونجه، شلغم و چغندر علوفهاي)، هشتم (شامل گندم، جو و ذرت)، و نهم (شامل سيبزميني و پياز) در نظر گرفته شد. براي بهينهسازي پيوند آب-انرژي و غذا در سطح حوزه آبخيز پيشکوه از برنامهريزي خطي و از طريق مدل چند متغيره بهينه سازي پيوند آب-انرژي-غذا و محدوديتهاي بر منابع آب و انرژي حوزه آبخيز در محيط نرمافزار Lingo 18.0 استفاده شد.
يافته‌ها: پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که در حوزه آبخيز پيشکوه گروه زارعي سوم (عدس، نخود و لوبيا) و گروه زراعي هفتم (يونجه، شلغم و چغندر علوفهاي) به ترتيب با مصرف 93/4727 و 93/9787 مترمکعب بر هکتار بر سال کمترين و بيشترين شاخص مصرف آب بوده است و بالاعکس گروههاي زراعي چهارم (آفتابگردان) و پنجم (گوجهفرنگي، بادمجان، هويج، کدو و کلم) با مقدار 87/7226 و 99/42888 مگاژول بر هکتار بر سال داراي حداقل و حداکثر مقدار انرژي مصرفي بوده است. با اين وجود شاخص بهرهوري آب با بررسي ميزان عملکرد گروههاي زراعي نسبت به ميزان آب مصرفي نشان داد که گروههاي زراعي پنجم (گوجهفرنگي، بادمجان، هويج، کدو و کلم) و سوم (عدس، نخود و لوبيا) با مقدار 66/2 و 28/0 کيلوگرم بر مترمکعب، داراي بيشترين و کمترين مقدار شاخص مذکور است. گروههاي زراعي سوم (عدس، نخود و لوبيا) و هفتم (يونجه، شلغم و چغندر علوفهاي) با مقدار 66/20 و 94/0 کيلوگرم بر مگاژول بيشترين و کمترين مقدار شاخص بهرهوري انرژي را داشته است. گروه زراعي دوم (انگور، سنجد، زرشک، توت، انجير و عناب) در حوزه آبخيز پيشکوه نيز داراي بيشترين مقدار بهرهوري اقتصادي آب (56/0 ميليون ريال بر مترمکعب) و انرژي (266/0 ميليون ريال بر مگاژول) است. نهايتاً گروه زراعي هشتم (گندم، جو و ذرت) بيشترين نقش در شاخص سرانه موجوديت غذا را ايفا ميکند.
نتايج: پژوهش پيشرو باهدف بهينهسازي پيوند آب-انرژي و غذا در حوزه آبخيز پيشکوه انجام گرفت. پس از بررسي هفت شاخص مصرف آب و انرژي، بهرهوري و بهرهوري اقتصادي آب و انرژي و سرانه موجوديت غذا در منطقه موردمطالعه نتايج نشان داد که مقدار شاخص WEF براي گروههاي مختلف زراعي از 18/0 (بدترين) تا 48/0 (بهترين) به ترتيب مربوط به گروه زراعي پنجم (گوجهفرنگي، بادمجان، هويج، کدو و کلم) و دوم (سنجد، زرشک، توت، انجير و عناب) بوده است. با اجراي مدل بهينهسازي WEF در حوزه آبخيز پيشکوه ميتوان با اندازهگيري شاخصهاي مربوطه، هرساله نسبت به افزايش بهرهوري و کاهش مصرف منابع قدم مثبتي را برداشت. اين رويکرد نه‌تنها منجر به کاهش فشار بر منابع موجود خواهد شد بلکه پايداري و حفاظت از بومسازگان را در پي خواهد داشت. از طرفي بهبود وضعيت اقتصادي کشاورزان با تغيير الگوي کشت باعث پايداري زنجيره تأمين محصولات کشاورزي و افزايش امنيت غذايي در حوزه آبخيز پيشکوه خواهد شد. به عبارتي ديگر مديريت ابعاد مختلف شاخص WEF ميتواند راه‌کارهاي مناسب براي دستيابي به پايداري اقتصادي کشاورزي در منطقه را فراهم کند.
Background and Aims: Population growth and the need to provide human biological needs, especially in developing countries, have led to unprincipled uses of water and soil resources in this region. The strategy of increasing production with excessive exploitation of resources has faced the country with a severe crisis, especially in water and the environment. On the other hand, improper management of water and soil resources has threatened the water and food security of the country, which is one of the leading national goals. Today, despite the importance of the Water-Energy and Food (WEF) Nexus as adaptive management of resources, it has yet to be employed for integrated watershed management in the Pishkooh Watershed. This research, however, presents a novel approach to optimize the water, energy, and food nexus for the adaptive management of this crucial watershed.
Methods: In this research, to optimize the WEF Nexus of water and energy consumption indicators, productivity and economic productivity of water and energy and food availability per capita in nine farming groups, Viz., 1 (i.e., apple, pear, beet, cherry, plums, peaches, apricots, almonds and walnuts), 2 (i.e., grapes, elderberries, barberries, berries, figs, and jujubes), 3 (i.e., lentils, peas, and beans), 4 (i.e., sunflowers), 5 (i.e., tomatoes, eggplants, carrots, pumpkin and cabbage), 6 (i.e., watermelon), 7 (i.e., alfalfa, turnip and fodder beet), 8 (i.e., wheat, barley and corn), and 9 (i.e., potato and onion). The WEF nexus in the Pishkooh Watershed was optimized using linear programming and through the optimal multivariable model and constraints on the water and energy resources of the watershed in the Lingo 18.0 software environment.
Results: The findings showed that in the Pishkooh Watershed, the third (i.e., lentils, chickpeas, and beans) and the seventh agricultural groups (i.e., alfalfa, turnips, and fodder beets) had the lowest and highest water consumption of 4727.93 and 9787.93 m3 ha y-1. In contrast, the fourth (i.e., sunflower) and fifth agricultural groups (i.e., tomatoes, eggplants, carrots, squash, and cabbage) had the minimum and maximum energy consumption of 7226.87 and 42888.99 MJ ha-1 y-1. While, the water productivity index showed the performance of agricultural groups in relation to the amount of water consumed the fifth (tomato, eggplant, carrot, pumpkin and cabbage) and third (lentil, chickpea and bean) crop groups with 2.66 and 0.28 kg/m3 have the highest and lowest values of the index. The third (i.e., lentils, peas, and beans) and the seventh (i.e., alfalfa, turnips, and fodder beets) agricultural groups had an entirely different energy efficiency of 20.66 and 0.94 kg MJ-1, respectively. Ultimately, the second agricultural group (i.e., grape, elderberry, barberry, mulberry, fig, and jujube) has the highest water economic productivity (i.e., 0.56 MRials m-3) and energy (0.266 MRials MJ-1). However, the eighth agricultural group (i.e., wheat, barley, and corn) in the Pishkooh Watershed plays the most critical role in the per capita food availability index.
Conclusion: This research, with its potential to significantly influence the Pishkooh Watershed, has successfully optimized the WEF Nexus in this region of Iran. After analyzing seven indicators of water and energy consumption, productivity and economic efficiency of water and energy, and food availability per capita in the study area, the results demonstrated that the WEF index in the Pishkoosh Watershed ranged from 0.18 (the worst) to 0.48 (the best) associated with the fifth (i.e., tomato, eggplant, carrot, pumpkin and cabbage) and second crop (i.e., elder, barberry, mulberry, fig and jujube), respectively. By implementing the WEF optimization model in the Pishkooh Watershed, we can take a positive stride towards increasing productivity and reducing resource consumption every year by monitoring relevant indicators. This approach will alleviate the strain on existing resources and pave the way for sustainability and ecosystem conservation. On the other hand, improving the economic status of farmers by changing the cultivation pattern will ensure the sustainability of the supply chain of agricultural products and increase food security in the Pishkoh Watershed. In other words, the management of different dimensions of the WEF index can provide suitable solutions to achieve the economic sustainability of agriculture in the region.
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