Investigating the Seasonal Variability of Arsenic Levels in the Tigris River Tributaries and Its Correlation with Water Quality Parameters
محورهای موضوعی :
Hassan Thoulfikar A. Alamir
1
(
Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala, Iraq
)
Rusul Jabar
2
(
Department of Medical Labs, Al-Manara College for Medical Sciences, (Maysan), Iraq
)
Turki Meften Saad
3
(
Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Health & Medical Technology, Sawa University, Almuthana, Iraq
)
Khadija Fahim Mohsen
4
(
Department of Dentistry, Al-Nisour University College, Nisour Seq. Karkh, Baghdad, Iraq
)
Nour mohamad Raslan
5
(
Department of Medical labs, Al-Zahrawi University College, Karbala, Iraq
)
Sabeeh Thamir Fadhil
6
(
Department of Medical labs, Mazaya University College, Iraq
)
Namaat R. Abdulla
7
(
College of Health and Medical Technology, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, 64001, Iraq
)
کلید واژه: Arsenic, Environmental pollution, River tigris, Water quality,
چکیده مقاله :
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of arsenic contamination in the Tigris River, Iraq, with a focus on seasonal variations and their relationship with water quality parameters. Conducted from November 2022 to July 2023, this research involved quarterly sampling at ten stations along the river and its tributaries. Arsenic levels were measured using a Shimadzu AA-6300 atomic absorption device, and water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and pH were assessed. This study revealed significant seasonal fluctuations in arsenic concentrations, with the highest levels detected during the winter season. Eight out of ten stations exceeded the World Health Organization's guideline limit of 10 µg L-1 for arsenic in drinking water during winter, with concentrations at the more contaminated stations reaching up to 16 times this limit. The research found no significant correlation between arsenic concentration and the water quality parameters measured, suggesting that these parameters are not reliable predictors of arsenic contamination. The highest arsenic concentrations were consistently observed at the first three stations, indicating a localized source of contamination likely due to the dissolution of arsenic from arsenic-rich soil layers. This study also noted the potential for bioremediation, as evidenced by the reduced arsenic levels at station 4 during the winter, which correlated with the presence of arsenic-absorbing Chara algae. The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted remediation efforts to mitigate arsenic pollution and protect public health in the region.
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of arsenic contamination in the Tigris River, Iraq, with a focus on seasonal variations and their relationship with water quality parameters. Conducted from November 2022 to July 2023, this research involved quarterly sampling at ten stations along the river and its tributaries. Arsenic levels were measured using a Shimadzu AA-6300 atomic absorption device, and water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and pH were assessed. This study revealed significant seasonal fluctuations in arsenic concentrations, with the highest levels detected during the winter season. Eight out of ten stations exceeded the World Health Organization's guideline limit of 10 µg L-1 for arsenic in drinking water during winter, with concentrations at the more contaminated stations reaching up to 16 times this limit. The research found no significant correlation between arsenic concentration and the water quality parameters measured, suggesting that these parameters are not reliable predictors of arsenic contamination. The highest arsenic concentrations were consistently observed at the first three stations, indicating a localized source of contamination likely due to the dissolution of arsenic from arsenic-rich soil layers. This study also noted the potential for bioremediation, as evidenced by the reduced arsenic levels at station 4 during the winter, which correlated with the presence of arsenic-absorbing Chara algae. The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted remediation efforts to mitigate arsenic pollution and protect public health in the region.
1. Kolesnikov S., Minnikova T., Kazeev K., Akimenko Y., Evstegneeva N., 2022. Assessment of the Ecotoxicity of Pollution by Potentially Toxic Elements by Biological Indicators of Haplic Chernozem of Southern Russia (Rostov region). Water, Air & Soil Pollution. 233(1), 18.
2. Rzetala M.A., Machowski R., Solarski M., Bakota D., P\lomiński A., Rzetala M., 2023. Toxic Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids in Bottom Sediments as a Geoecological Indicator of a Water Body’s Suitability for Recreational Use. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 20(5), 4334.
3. Puthran D., Patil D., 2023. Usage of heavy metal-free compounds in surface coatings. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research. 20(1), 87–112.
4. Nivetha N., Srivarshine B., Sowmya B., Rajendiran M., Saravanan P., Rajeshkannan R., Rajasimman M., Pham T.H.T., Shanmugam V., Dragoi E.-N., 2023. A comprehensive review on bio-stimulation and bio-enhancement towards remediation of heavy metals degeneration. Chemosphere. 312, 137099.
5. Colomban P., Kırmızı B., Simsek Franci G., 2021. Cobalt and associated impurities in blue (and green) glass, glaze and enamel: Relationships between raw materials, processing, composition, phases and international trade. Minerals. 11(6), 633.
6. Nurchi V.M., Buha Djordjevic A., Crisponi G., Alexander J., Bjørklund G., Aaseth J., 2020. Arsenic toxicity: molecular targets and therapeutic agents. Biomolecules. 10(2), 235.
7. Mawia A.M., Hui S., Zhou L., Li H., Tabassum J., Lai C., Wang J., Shao G., Wei X., Tang S., 2021. Inorganic arsenic toxicity and alleviation strategies in rice. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 408, 124751.
8. Adeloju S.B., Khan S., Patti A.F., 2021. Arsenic contamination of groundwater and its implications for drinking water quality and human health in under-developed countries and remote communities—a review. Applied Sciences. 11(4), 1926.
9. Shaji E., Santosh M., Sarath K.V., Prakash P., Deepchand V., Divya B.V., 2021. Arsenic contamination of groundwater: A global synopsis with focus on the Indian Peninsula. Geoscience Frontiers. 12(3), 101079.
10. Ali W., Rasool A., Junaid M., Zhang H., 2019. A comprehensive review on current status, mechanism, and possible sources of arsenic contamination in groundwater: a global perspective with prominence of Pakistan scenario. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 41(2), 737–760.
11. Biswas J.K., Warke M., Datta R., Sarkar D., 2020. Is Arsenic in Rice a Major Human Health Concern? Current Pollution Reports. 6(2), 37–42.
12. Khosravi-Darani K., Rehman Y., Katsoyiannis I.A., Kokkinos E., Zouboulis A.I., 2022. Arsenic exposure via contaminated water and food sources. Water. 14(12), 1884.
13. Sinha D., Prasad P., 2020. Health effects inflicted by chronic low‐level arsenic contamination in groundwater: A global public health challenge. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 40(1), 87–131.
14. Ozturk M., Metin M., Altay V., Bhat R.A., Ejaz M., Gul A., Unal B.T., Hasanuzzaman M., Nibir L., Nahar K., Bukhari A., Dervash M.A., Kawano T., 2022. Arsenic and Human Health: Genotoxicity, Epigenomic Effects, and Cancer Signaling. Biological Trace Element Research. 200(3), 988–1001.
15. Fatoki J.O., Badmus J.A., 2022. Arsenic as an environmental and human health antagonist: A review of its toxicity and disease initiation. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances. 5 100052.
16. Khatun M., Siddique A.E., Wahed A.S., Haque N., Tony S.R., Islam J., Alam S., Sarker M.K., Kabir I., Hossain S., 2023. Association between serum periostin levels and the severity of arsenic-induced skin lesions. Plos One. 18(1), e0279893.
17. Oleiwi A.S., Al-Dabbas M., 2022. Assessment of contamination along the Tigris River from Tharthar-Tigris canal to Azizziyah, middle of Iraq. Water. 14(8), 1194.
18. Aljanabi Z.Z., Hassan F.M., Al-Obaidy A.-H.M.J., 2022. Heavy metals pollution profiles in Tigris River within Baghdad city. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 1088(1), 012008.
19. Al-Bahathy I.A., Al-Janabi Z.Z., Al-Ani R.R., Maktoof A.A., 2023. Application of the Water Quality and Water Pollution Indexes for Assessing Changes in Water Quality of the Tigris River in the South Part of Iraq. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology. 24(5), 177–184.
20. Al-Hasani A.A.J., 2021. Trend analysis and abrupt change detection of streamflow variations in the lower Tigris River Basin, Iraq. International Journal of River Basin Management. 19(4), 523–534.
21. Rice E.W., Bridgewater L., Association A.P.H., 2012. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American public health association Washington, DC.
22. Kurniawati P., Jauharo A.F., Purbaningtias T.E., Wiyantoko B., 2022. Comparison analysis of titrimetric and Spectrometry method for water hardness determination. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2645(1),030028.
23. Ding Y., Qi P., Sun M., Zhong M., Zhang Y., Zhang L., Xu Z., Sun Y., 2023. Dissolved organic matter composition and fluorescence characteristics of the river affected by coal mine drainage. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 30(19), 55799–55815.
24. Kalimuthu P., Kim Y., Subbaiah M.P., Kim D., Jeon B.-H., Jung J., 2022. Comparative evaluation of Fe-, Zr-, and La-based metal-organic frameworks derived from recycled PET plastic bottles for arsenate removal. Chemosphere. 294, 133672.
25. Le D.V., Giang P.T.K., Nguyen V.T., 2023. Investigation of arsenic contamination in groundwater using hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 195(1), 84.
26. Kassim N.A., Ghazali S., Bohari F.L., Abidin N.A.Z., 2022. Assessment of heavy metals in wastewater plant effluent and lake water by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Materials Today: Proceedings. 66, 3961–3964.
27. Al-Qaisi M.R.Z., Abdul-Jabbar R.A., Al-Hussieny A.A., 2019. Reduction of some heavy elements from polluted water using the biological adsorption technque by dry algae. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 50(4). https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v50i4.760.
28. Upadhyay M.K., Shukla A., Yadav P., Srivastava S., 2019. A review of arsenic in crops, vegetables, animals and food products. Food Chemistry. 276 608–618.
29. Podgorski J., Berg M., 2020. Global threat of arsenic in groundwater. Science. 368(6493), 845–850.
30. Hasan M.K., Shahriar A., Jim K.U., 2019. Water pollution in Bangladesh and its impact on public health. Heliyon. 5(8),.
31. Sobhanardakani S., Taghavi L., 2017. Analysis and health risk assessment of arsenic and zinc in ghee consumed in Kermanshah City, Western Iran using atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of Chemical Health Risks. 7(1), 71–76.
32. Muhammad H.L., Adama J.K., Kabiru A.Y., El Yahyaoui A., Darkaoui S., Maazouzi Y., Anthony Makun H., 2022. Concentration and Risk Assessment of Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead in Husked and De-husked Rice Samples from Niger and Kebbi States, Nigeria. Journal of Chemical Health Risks. 12(2), 223–236.
