تحلیل تأثیر کودهای شیمیایی، آلی و بیولوژیک بر ارتقاء عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد، و ویژگی‌های کیفی گیاهان دارویی: مطالعه جدید بر روی دو اکوتیپ زیره کوهی (Bunium persicum Bioss)
محورهای موضوعی : گیاهان دارویی
سمیه الیاسی راد
1
(گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، واحد بیرجند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بیرجند، ایران)
سید غلامرضا موسوی
2
(مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی، گیاهان دارویی، واحد بیرجند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بیرجند، ایران)
محمد جواد ثقه الاسلامی
3
(عضو هیات علمی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه آزاد بیرجند)
فاطمه نخعی
4
(عضو هیات علمی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی )
کلید واژه: تغذیه گیاه, عملکرد دانه, کلروفیل کل, گیاه دارویی, محتوای اسانس.,
چکیده مقاله :
استفاده از سیستم‌های تغذیه گیاهی، با توجه به شرایط اقلیمی مختلف و ویژگی‌های ژنوتیپی گیاهان، می‌تواند به عملکرد بهتر و افزایش کیفیت محصولات گیاهی، به‌ویژه گیاهان دارویی، کمک کند. این پژوهش با هدف ارزیابی اثرات منابع کودی (12 تیمار) بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد و برخی خصوصیات بیوشیمیایی دو اکوتیپ بیرجند و ثقفی زیره کوهی (Bunium persicum Bioss) در طی دو سال زراعی (1402-1401) در مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان جنوبی (محمدیه)، بیرجند به¬صورت آزمایش اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک¬های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا شد. دو اکوتیپ به¬عنوان عوامل اصلی و تیمارهای کودی از ترکیب منابعNPK1 (70-60-80)، NPK2 (35-30-40)، قارچ مایکوریزا (AMF) و ورمی¬کمپوست (VC) به¬عنوان عامل فرعی مورد آزمایش قرار گرفتند. ارتفاع بوته، تعداد چترک در چتر، تعداد دانه، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد دانه، محتوای کلروفیل کل، محتوای اسانس (به روش کلونجر) و همچنین عملکرد اسانس (حاصل‌ضرب درصد اسانس در عملکرد دانه) اندازه¬گیری شدند. براساس نتایج، تیمارهای کودی به¬طور معنی¬داری بر صفات مورد مطالعه تأثیر داشتند به‌طوری که استفاده از سیستم تلفیقی (NPK1+AMF+VC) منجر به بالا رفتن میانگین اغلب صفات در هر دو سال آزمایش شد. اکوتیپ بیرجند در مقایسه با ثقفی دارای 5/40 و 0/24 درصد عملکرد دانه بالاتری به¬ترتیب در سال اول و دوم بود. در هر دو سال کاربرد تیمار NPK1+AMF+VC منجر به ایجاد بالاترین عملکرد دانه (به¬ترتیب 19/2 و 83/3 گرم در بوته) شد. بالاترین محتوای کلروفیل کل در کاربرد تیمار تلفیقی در هر دو اکوتیپ (به¬ترتیب 83/24 و 55/26 میکروگرم بر گرموزن تر) به¬دست آمد. نتایج رگرسیون گام به گام نشان داد که تعداد چترک در چتر، تعداد دانه در بوته، وزن هزار دانه و کلروفیل کل از صفات اثرگذاربر محتوای اسانس بودند. درمجموع، کاربرد تلفیقی کودهای شیمیایی (NPK1)، آلی (VC) و بیولوژیک (AMF)از کارایی بالاییدر افزایش صفات کمی و کیفی گیاه زیره کوهی برخوردار بود.
Utilizing plant nutrition systems, considering various climatic conditions and plant genotype characteristics can enhance the yield and quality of plant products, particularly medicinal plants. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of fertilizer sources (12 treatments) on the yield, yield components, and some biochemical characteristics of two ecotypes of Bunium persicum Bioss during two agricultural years (2021-2022) at the Agricultural Research Center and Natural Resources of South Khorasan (Mohammadiyeh), Birjand, Iran. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design within a randomized complete block design with three replications. Two ecotypes (‘Birjand’ and ‘Saghafi’) were considered as main factors, and fertilizer treatments, including combinations of NPK1 (70-60-80), NPK2 (35-30-40), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and vermicompost (VC) were examined as sub-factors. Plant height, number of umbelts per umbel, number of seeds, thousand-seed weight, seed yield, total chlorophyll content, essential oil content (by Clevenger method), and essential oil yield (the result of multiplying the percentage of essential oil by seed yield)were measured. The results showed that fertilizer treatments significantly influenced thestudied traits, with the combined use of fertilizer system(NPK1+AMF+VC) leading to increased average traits in both experimental years. The ‘Birjand’ ecotype had higher seed yields by40.5% and 24.0%, respectively, compared to the ‘Saghafi’ecotype in the first and second years. In both years, the application of the NPK1+AMF+VC treatment resulted in the highest seed yield (19.2and83.3 g plant-1, respectively). The highest total chlorophyll content was obtained in the combined treatment application in both ecotypes(24.83 and 26.55 µg g-1 FW, respectively). Stepwise regression results showed that the number of umbelts per umbel, number of seeds per plant, thousand-seed weight, and total chlorophyll were influential traits on essential oil content. Overall, the combined application of chemical (NPK1), organic (VC), and biological(AMF) fertilizers exhibited high efficacy in enhancing the quantitative and qualitative traits of Bunium persicum.
Ahad, B., Shahri, W., Rasool, H., Reshi, Z., Rasool, S., Hussain, T. 2021. Medicinal plants and herbal drugs: An overview. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Healthcare and Industrial Applications, 12: 1-40.
Ahmadi, S., Sefidkon, F., Abbaszadeh, B., Farhadi, M. 2023. Evaluation of the effect of nutrition on the quantity and quality of Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad. essential oils in ecological conditions of Khorramabad. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 11: 36-48.
Bayazidi-Aghdam, M.T., Jalilian, J., Mohammadi, H. 2022. Evaluation of quantitative yield, essential oil yield, and nutrient content of thyme in response to fertilizer sources and different irrigation regimes. Journal of Crops Improvement, 24: 583-599.
Benaffari, W., Boutasknit, A., Anli, M., Ait-El-Mokhtar, M., Ait-Rahou, Y., Ben-Laouane, R., Ben Ahmed, H., Mitsui, T., Baslam, M., Meddich, A. 2022. The native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and vermicompost-based organic amendments enhance soil fertility, growth performance, and the drought stress tolerance of quinoa. Plants, 11: 393
Benjemaa, M., Neves, M.A., Falleh, H., Isoda, H., Ksouri, R., Nakajima, M. 2018. Nanoencapsulation of Thymus capitatus essential oil: Formulation process, physical stability characterization and antibacterial efficiency monitoring. Industrial Crops and Products, 113: 414-421.
Bettaieb, I., Bourgou, S., Sriti, J., Msaada, K., Limam, F., Marzouk, B. 2011. Essential oils and fatty acids composition of Tunisian and Indian cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seeds: a comparative study. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 91: 2100-2107
Bitarafan, N., Gholami, A., Abbas Dokht, H., Baradaran, M., Khalighi Sigaroodi, F. 2017. Effects of Vermicompost and mycorrhizal fungi on growth characteristics, essential oil and yield of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Journal of Agroecology, 9: 102-114
Chahota, R.K., Sharma, V., Ghani, M., Sharma, T.R., Rana, J.C., Sharma, S.K. 2017. Genetic and phytochemical diversity analysis in Bunium persicum populations of north-western Himalaya. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 23: 429-441
Darakeh, S.A.S.S., Weisany, W., Diyanat, M., Ebrahimi, R. 2021. Bio-organic fertilizers induce biochemical changes and affect seed oil fatty acids composition in black cumin (Nigella sativa Linn). Industrial Crops and Products, 164: 113383
Darakeh, S.A.S.S., Weisany, W., Tahir, N.A.-R., Schenk, P.M. 2022. Physiological and biochemical responses of black cumin to vermicompost and plant biostimulants: Arbuscular mycorrhizal and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Industrial Crops and Products, 188: 115557.
Etesami, H., Alikhani, H.A. 2019. Halotolerant plant growth-promoting fungi and bacteria as an alternative strategy for improving nutrient availability to salinity-stressed crop plants.' in, Saline soil-based agriculture by halotolerant microorganisms (Springer).
Ghaderi, A., Noee, A., Ahmadi, K., Saborifard, H. 2020. Evaluation the effects of Thiobacillus biological and chemical fertilizers on morphological and phytochemical characteristics of Satureja hortensis L. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 8: 13-29.
Iqbal, B., Li, G., Alabbosh, K.F., Hussain, H., Khan, I., Tariq, M., Javed, Q., Naeem, M., Ahmad, N. 2023. Advancing environmental sustainability through microbial reprogramming in growth improvement, stress alleviation, and phytoremediation. Plant Stress: 100283
Jami, N., Rahimi, A., Naghizadeh, M., Sedaghati, E. 2020. Investigating the use of different levels of mycorrhiza and vermicompost on quantitative and qualitative yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 262: 109027
Karami Borzabad, R., Baghbani-Arani, A., Paykarestan, B. 2023. Effect of low irrigation and foliar application of Nano nitrogen fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative traits of black cumin seeds (Bunium persicum L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 54: 85-97
Khan, M.H., Dar, N.A., Alie, B.A., Mir, G.H., Al-Sadoon, M.K., Hefft, D.I., Rather, R.A. 2023. Morpho-Biochemical characterization of Kalazeera (Bunium persicum Boiss. Fedts) germplasm grown in Global temperate ecologies. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 30: 103633
Khoramdel, S., Rezvani-Moghadam, P., Asadi, G., Seyedi, S.M., Azizi, H. 2016. Effects of different levels of animal manure and bulb weights on yield and yield components of caraway (Bunium persicum Bioss.). Journal of Plant Production Research, 22: 133-155
Krasilnikov, P., Taboada, M.A., Amanullah. 2022. Fertilizer use, soil health and agricultural sustainability. In, 462. MDPI.
Lahbouki, S., Anli, M., El Gabardi, S., Ait-El-Mokhtar, M., Ben-Laouane, R., Boutasknit, A., Ait-Rahou, Y., Outzourhit, A., Wahbi, S., Douira, A. 2022. Evaluation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and vermicompost supplementation on growth, phenolic content and antioxidant activity of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica). Plant Biosystems-An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 156: 882-892
Li, Y., Kong, D., Fu, Y., Sussman, M.R., Wu, H. 2020. The effect of developmental and environmental factors on secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 148: 80-89
Lichtenthaler, H.K., Buschmann, C. 2001. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Measurement and characterization by UV‐VIS spectroscopy. Current protocols in food analytical chemistry, 1: F4. 3.1-F4. 3.8
Nasrollahnejad, Z., Hemmati, K., Babarabie, M. 2023. The reaction of Eryngium campestre plant to glycine, nitroxine and humic acid and investigating the effect of its extract on dealing with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 11: 99-114
Niazian, M., Sadat Noori, S.A., Tohidfar, M., Mortazavian, S.M.M. 2017. Essential oil yield and agro-morphological traits in some Iranian ecotypes of ajowan (Carum copticum L.). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 20: 1151-1156
Nourihoseini, S.M., Khorassani, R., Astaraei, A., Rezvani Moghadam, P., Zabihi, H. 2016. Effect of different fertilizer resources and humic acid on some morphological criteria, yield and antioxidant activity of black zira seed (Bunium persicum Boiss). Applied Field Crops Research, 29: 88-105
Pour, A.P., Farahbakhsh, H., Tohidinejad, E. 2021. Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium levels affected growth indices, leaf gas exchange parameters and biomass production of henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) ecotypes. Industrial Crops and Products, 163: 113297
Rehman, S.U., De Castro, F., Aprile, A., Benedetti, M., Fanizzi, F.P. 2023. Vermicompost: Enhancing plant growth and combating abiotic and biotic stress. Agronomy, 13: 1134
Saeidnejad, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P. 2011. Investigation the effect of compost, vermicompost, cow and sheep manures on yield, yield components and essence percentage of cumin (Cuminum cyminum). Journal of Horticultural Science, 24: 142-148
Safaei, L., Sefidkon, F., Aminazarm, D. 2021. The effects of NPK, manure and combination of chemical and manure fertilizers on yield and essential oil components in Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research: Accepted.
Salehi, M., Nakhaei, F., Mosavi, S., Baradaran, R. 2023. Evaluation of morpho-physiological responses of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf to the application of chemical and biological fertilizers under salinity stress in fars and Tehran climates. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 11: 79-99
Sharafabad, Z.H., Abdipour, M., Hosseinifarahi, M., Kelidari, A., Rashidi, L. 2022. Integrated humic acid and vermicomposting changes essential oil quantity, and quality in field-grown Lavandula angustifolia L. intercropped with Brassica nigra L. Industrial Crops and Products, 178: 114635
Singh, S., Kumar, V. 2021. Biology, genetic improvement and agronomy of Bunium persicum (Boiss.) Fedtsch.: A comprehensive review. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 22: 100304
Talezade, M., Nezami, A., Parsa, M., Nabati, J., Tavakkol Afshari, R. 2019. Optimization of culture media for seedling establishment of Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 35: 551-564.
Tammam, A.A., Shehata, M.R.A.M., Pessarakli, M., El-Aggan, W.H. 2023. Vermicompost and its role in alleviation of salt tress in plants–II. Impact of vermicompost on the physiological responses of salt-stressed plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 46: 1458-1478
Yang, R., Qin, Z., Wang, J., Zhang, X., Xu, S., Zhao, W., Huang, Z. 2022. The Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Trichoderma longibrachiatum enhance maize growth and modulate root metabolome under increasing soil salinity. Microorganisms, 10: 1042
Zolfagjhari, M., Tolideh, S., Sedighi Dehkordi, F., Mahmoodi Sourestani, M. 2022. Evaluation of growth, yield and essential oil of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) under mycorrhiza, vermicompost and chemical fertilizer treatments. Journal of Agricultural Science and sustainable Production, 32: 35-46.
