نظام مالیاتی و سیاستهای وامدهی در شاهنامه فردوسی
محورهای موضوعی : تکتونواستراتیگرافی
1 - دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی، پژوهشگر شاهنامه
کلید واژه: شاهنامۀ فردوسی, مالیات, اصلاحات مالیاتی, تخلفات مالیاتی, بخشودگی مالیاتی, وامدهی,
چکیده مقاله :
مالیات ها در شاهنامه به عنوان مهم ترین منابع درآمدی از شاخصه های اساسی در تأمین بودجه های نظامی، مخارج سپاهیان و سایر هزینه های دولت به شمار می آیند و ضامن حفظ و بقای ساختار امنیتی، سیاسی و اقتصادی کشورند. بهترین مشوق های مالیاتی در شاهنامه، تمرکز بر دریافت های اصولی و عادلانه مالیات ها از مردم است؛ از این روی، بخش مهمی از قوانین و سیاست های پیش گیرانه شاهان به ساختارهای مالیاتی و همچنین تلاش آنان در جهت حذف یا کاهش موانع و چالش های فراروی اخذ مالیات (به ویژه بی عدالتی در دریافتهای مالیاتی) مربوط می شود؛ با این وصف، چارچوب های نظام مالیاتی شاهنامه، در کنار سیاست های وام دهی که موجب ثبات اقتصادی، گردش مالی و پولی و توزیع عادلانه درآمدها می گردند اهمیتی دوچندان می یابند.در پژوهش حاضر، افزون بر نگاهی به سیاست گذاری های مالیاتی و نمودهای وام دهی در شاهنامه به بررسی جنبه های حقوقی، قانونی و جزایی ناشی از رسم دریافت مالیات پرداخته شده تا اهمیت هرچه بیش تر گزارش شاهنامه در زمینه اقتصاد و قوانین مالیاتی در دورۀ ساسانی و پیش از آن به اثبات رسد. نتایج پژوهش بیانگر آن است که جدای از معافیت ها و بخشودگی های مالیاتی (اسکندر، اردشیر، بهرام گور و پیروز یزدگرد)، گماردن بازرسان قضایی برای آگاهی از شرایط مناطق گرفتار فقر و بخشودگی خراج ایشان (اردشیر)، و اعطای وام (بهرام گور) که همگی پیش از قباد انجام می شوند، اصلاحات بنیادین مالیاتی و اقتصادی انوشیروان، پیرو اندیشه های پدر، افزون بر تلاش در جهت سازمان دهی مالیاتی از طریق مساحت کردن زمین ها، تعیین ترتیب زمانی معین در پرداخت ها، شاخص گذاری دقیق نرخهای مالیاتی، معافیت های مالیاتی، قسط بندی، فرصت دهی برای وصول مالیات های عقبافتاده، گماردن مأموران مخفی و اطلاعاتی، نظارت شخصی، ایجاد دفاتر دولتی و تدوین نسخه های دقیق و قانونی و نیز تعیین مجازات های بسیار شدید، گامی در جهت تحقق عدالت مالیاتی و شفافیت دقیق آن برای دولت محسوب می گردد که در نهایت، هم به سود مردم و هم شاه و کشور تمام می شود.
In Shahnameh tax is regarded as one of the most important income sources and is an essential index to provide military budgets, army and other governmental expenses. Also it guarantees the viability and security of the economic and political system in the country. The best motivation for tax payments in Shahnameh is its concentration on receiving fair systematic taxes from the people, therefore significant part of preventive measures taken by the kings, as well as laws and policies were all related to tax structures and their attempt either to reduce or eliminate obstacles and challenges facing tax payment such as injustice done upon receiving tax. Nevertheless tax system framework in Shahnameh alongside loan policies which bring economic stability, financial and monetary turnover, and fair income distribution, gain utmost importance. Apart from taking a glance at tax policies and presenting loan examples in Shahnameh this article is also concerned with the study of juridical, legal, and criminal aspects in connection with tax payments to prove the importance of Shahnameh’s report concerning economics and tax laws in the Sassanid period and the time before it. The results obtained determine that apart from tax exemptions and reliefs assigned by Eskandar, Ardeshir, Bahram Gur, and Yazdgerd appointing judicial inspectors to inquire about the circumstances under which poverty stricken people lived and to exempt them from paying taxes as was the case under the reign of Ardeshir; giving out loans in Bahram Gur’s time were steps taken before the time of Qobad. Fundamental tax and economic reform done by Anoshirvan who followed the example of his father was not only the attempt to devise a tax system via calculating the area of the properties, determine regular time intervals for tax payments, provide exact indexes for tax rates, tax exemptions, pay taxes in installments, allow time for unpaid taxes, hire secret service agents, allow personal supervision, establish governmental offices, and formulate exact legal instructions, and also to consider stiff penalties for tax evaders, but also they were all measures taken to realize justice in terms of tax payments since clear tax laws enforced by the government would be beneficial to citizens, the king and the country alike.
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