بهینه سازی مقطع سدهای انحرافی با استفاده از الگوریتم بهینه سازی ازدحام ذرات
محورهای موضوعی : هیدرولوژی، هیدرولیک و ساختمان های انتقال آبشهاب نادری 1 , سعید شعبانلو 2 , محمد رضا جواهری تفتی 3 , بهروز یعقوبی 4
1 - دانشجوي دکتري عمران، گروه مهندسي عمران، واحد تفت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي ، تفت، ايران.
2 - گروه مهندسي آب، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي، کرمانشاه، ايران.
3 - گروه مهندسي عمران، واحد تفت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي، تفت، ايران.
4 - گروه مهندسي آب، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي، کرمانشاه، ايران.
کلید واژه: بهينه‌سازي ازدحام ذرات, پايداري, سد انحرافي نازليان,
چکیده مقاله :
مقدمه و هدف پژوهش: طراحي هيدروليکي سدهاي انحرافي به طور سنتي بسيار پيچيده و زمان‌بر است و لازم است طراح چندين بار مفروضات استفاده شده را تغيير دهد تا به طراحي پايدار با حجم بتن‌ريزي مناسب دست يابد. در دنياي پيشرفته و پررقابت امروزي، به دليل کمبود مواد اوليه و نياز به راندمان بهتر، مهندسان طراح مجبور به طراحي بهينه و اقتصادي‌تر هستند. بنابراين لازم است هزينه بتن در طراحي اين سدها کاهش يابد و در عين حال پايداري سد نيز تضمين شود. در اين تحقيق، کاربرد يک الگوريتم فرا ابتکاري به منظور کمينه‌سازي تابع وزن سد انحرافي و در نتيجه هزينه‌ي بتن‌ريزي سد همزمان با تآمين تابع‌هاي مربوط به پايداري سد بررسي شده است.
مواد و روش ها: الگوريتم بکار گرفته شده در اين پژوهش الگوريتم بهينه‌سازي ازدحام ذرات (PSO) مي‌باشد. با توجه به ماهيت اين الگوريتم و مسئله‌ي مورد پژوهش، ايجاد تغييرات در مراحل اجرايي الگوريتم ضروري است. لذا با ايجاد تغييراتي در الگوريتمPSO، اين الگوريتم براي حل مسئله‌ي بهينه‌سازي وزن سد با درنظر گرفتن محدوديت‌هاي اين مسئله، توسعه داده شد. اين تغييرات شامل کنترل سرعت ذرات جستجوگر و نرمال‌سازي موقعيت ذرات در فضاي امکان‌پذير مسئله مي‌باشد. سد انحرافي مورد مطالعه در اين پژوهش سد نازليان واقع در استان کرمانشاه است. متغيرهاي تصميم در مسئله‌ي بهينه‌سازي شامل ارتفاع ديوار آب بند بالادست و پايين‌دست، طول و ضخامت کف بند بتني در بالادست و ضخامت حوضچه آرامش مي‌باشد. به منظور بهينه‌سازي اين ابعاد، با انجام تحليل حساسيت، پارامترهاي با بيشترين تاثيرگذاري بر روي عملکرد الگوريتم مشخص شدند.
نتايج و بحث: در اين پژوهش براساس نتايج حساسيت‌سنجي تعداد ذرات يا اندازه‌ي جمعيت الگوريتم PSO، تعداد 20 ذره براي اندازه‌ي جمعيت ذرات انتخاب شد. با توجه به نمودارهمگرايي الگوريتم PSO در اجراهاي مختلف، براي اطمينان از يافتن پاسخ بهينه سراسري و اجتناب از محاسبات و ارزيابي‌هاي اضافي، تعداد تکرار الگوريتم برابر با 1000 به دست آمد. با توجه به بهترين اجراي الگوريتم PSO، وزن سد مورد مطالعه در پاسخ بهينه‌ي اين الگوريتم برابر با 80/52 تن در واحد عرض سد به دست آمد. بهترين پاسخ به مسئله طراحي بهينه سد داراي ابعاد 6/7 متر براي طول کف‌بند بالادست، 6/0 متر براي ضخامت کف‌بند بالادست، 6/0 متر براي ضخامت حوضچه آرامش، 1 متر براي ارتفاع آببند بالادست و 1/1 متر براي ارتفاع آببند پايين‌دست بود.
نتيجه‌گيري: به طور کلي نتيجه‌ي پژوهش حاضر حاکي از عملکرد و سرعت مطلوب الگوريتم PSO در يافتن پاسخ بهينه‌ي مسئله‌ي طراحي سد انحرافي با کمترين وزن سد همراه با رعايت شاخص‌هاي پايداري مي‌باشد. استفاده از اين الگوريتم به منظور يافتن پارامترهاي بهينه براي طراحي سدهاي انحرافي مي‌تواند اطلاعات مفيدي را در اختيار مديران اجرايي قرار دهد تا بهترين و بهينه‌ترين طراحي را با حداقل هزينه و زمان بسيار کم با رعايت فاکتورهاي ايمني پايداري سدهاي انحرافي ارائه دهند. برنامه تدوين شده در اين تحقيق شرايط لازم و کافي را براي طراحي بهينه مقطع سدهاي انحرافي فراهم مي کند و از نظر اعتبار عمومي و عملي قابل اعتماد است اما داراي محدوديت‌هايي است. از جمله محدوديت‌هاي اين روش اين است که مقطع به‌دست‌آمده بر اساس کد توسعه‌يافته در اين مطالعه بايد بعداً براي معيارهاي تنش مختلف (با استفاده از روش اجزاي محدود) و براي شرايط خاص که در هر پروژه متفاوت است (زلزله، سيل، رسوب‌گذاري و غيره) مورد آزمايش قرار گيرد.
Introduction: The hydraulic design of diversion dams is traditionally very complicated and time-consuming and it is necessary for the designer to change the used assumptions several times in order to achieve a stable design with a suitable concreting volume. In today's advanced and competitive world, due to the lack of raw materials and the need for better efficiency, design engineers are forced to design more economically and optimally. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the cost of concrete in the design of these dams and at the same time ensure the stability of the dam. In this research, the application of a meta-heuristic algorithm has been investigated in order to minimize the weight function of the diversion dam and, as a result, the cost of concreting the dam at the same time as providing the functions related to the dam's stability.
Methods: The algorithm used in this research is the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. According to the nature of this algorithm and the research problem, it is necessary to make changes in the execution steps of the algorithm. Therefore, by making changes in the PSO algorithm, this algorithm was developed to solve the dam weight optimization problem by considering the limitations of this problem. These changes include controlling the speed of searcher particles and normalizing the position of particles in the feasible space of the problem. The diversion dam studied in this research is the Nazelian dam located in Kermanshah province. The decision variables in the optimization problem include the height of the upstream and downstream dam cutoff walls, the length and thickness of the concrete apron at upstream and the thickness of the detention pond. In order to optimize these dimensions, by performing sensitivity analysis, the parameters with the greatest impact on the performance of the algorithm were identified.
Results and Discussion: In this research, based on the results of the sensitivity measurement of the number of particles or the population size of the PSO algorithm, the number of 20 particles was chosen for the size of the population of particles. According to the convergence graph of the PSO algorithm in different executions, to ensure finding the optimal global response and avoid additional calculations and evaluations, the number of iterations of the algorithm was equal to 1000. According to the best implementation of the PSO algorithm, the weight of the studied dam in the optimal response of this algorithm was equal to 52.80 tons per unit of dam width. The best answer to the problem of optimal design of the dam has dimensions of 7.6 meters for the length of the upstream apron, 0.6 meters for the thickness of the upstream apron, 0.6 meters for the thickness of the detention pond, 1 meter for the height of the upstream cutoff and 1.1 meters for the height of the downstream cutoff.
Conclusion: In general, the result of the present research indicates the optimal performance and speed of the PSO algorithm in finding the optimal solution to the problem of designing a diversion dam with the least weight of the dam along with the observance of stability indicators. Using this algorithm in order to find the optimal parameters for the design of diversion dams can provide useful information to the executives to provide the best and most optimal design with minimum cost and very little time while observing the safety factors of the stability of diversion dams. The program developed in this research provides the necessary and sufficient conditions for the optimal design of the cross-section of diversion dams and is reliable in terms of general and practical validity, but it has limitations. Among the limitations of this method is that the cross-section obtained based on the code developed in this study must be adjusted later for different stress criteria (using the finite element method) and be tested for specific conditions that are different in each project (earthquake, flood, sedimentation, etc.).
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