ارزيابي وضعيت فيزيکي خاک با استفاده از شاخص‌هاي کيفيت خاک به روش تجزيه به مؤلفه‌هاي اصلي در دشت سنجابي استان کرمانشاه
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت بهینه منابع آب و خاکنوا کیانیان 1 , افسانه عالی نژادیان بیدآبادی 2 , پرویز شکاری 3
1 - دانشجوي دکتري، گروه علوم و مهندسي خاک، دانشکده کشاورزي، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ايران.
2 - دانشيار، گروه علوم و مهندسي خاک، دانشکده کشاورزي، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ايران.
3 - استاديار، گروه علوم و مهندسي خاک، دانشکده کشاورزي، دانشگاه رازي، کرمانشاه، ايران.
کلید واژه: کیفیت فیزیکی خاک, تجزیه به مؤلفه‌های اصلی, شاخص کیفیت خاک,
چکیده مقاله :
زمينه و هدف: فشردگي خاک از بدترين نشانه‌هاي فروپاشي فيزيکي خاک است که اثرهاي گسترده‌اي در کاهش کيفيت فيزيکي آن دارد. از سوي ديگر، پارامترهايي مانند پايداري خاکدانه، جرم مخصوص ظاهري، هدايت هيدروليکي و تخلخل که از مهم‌ترين نشانگر‌هاي کيفيت فيزيکي خاک هستند، به دليل شرايط محيطي مناطق خشک و نيمه‌خشک معمولا نسبت به مديريت نامناسب آسيب‌پذيرترند. در دهه‌هاي اخير و به دليل هماهنگ نشدن با تکنولوژي نوين، کشاورزان براي افزايش توليد به کاربرد بي‌رويه ماشين و مواد شيميايي کشاورزي در زمين روي آورده‌اند. از پيامدهاي مديريت نامناسب زمين فشردگي لايه زيرين عمق شخم است که در سال‌هاي اخير تقريبا در هر جايي از زمين‌هاي استان کرمانشاه ديده مي‌شود. اين مطالعه به عنوان يک گام اوليه در بررسي اين مشکل انجام شد.
روش پژوهش: دشت سنجابي کرمانشاه به وسعت حدود 67000 هکتار به‌عنوان منطقه مطالعاتي در‌نظر گرفته شد. تعداد 102 نقطه به روش سيستماتيک ساده مشخص شد. نمونه‌هاي دست‌خورده از دو لايه سطحي و لايه فشرده زيرين، و نمونه‌هاي دست‌نخورده با استوانه‌هاي فلزي از لايه فشرده زيرين برداشته شد. پس از انجام آزمايش‌هاي فيزيکي و شيميايي خاک، پايداري خاکدانه‌ها در دو حالت خشک و تر بررسي شد. تجزيه و تحليل آماري با استفاده از نرم‌افزار آماري SPSS تعيين شد. ضريب همبستگي به روش پيرسون همراه با آزمون همبستگي به‌دست آمد. شاخص‌هاي کيفيت تجمعي (IQI) و کيفيت نمورو (NQI) در دو مجموعه کل داده‌ها (TDS) و حداقل داده‌ها (MDS) از طريق روش تجزيه به مؤلفه‌هاي اصلي (PCA) به‌دست آمد. سپس پهنه‌بندي شاخص‌هاي کيفيت خاک جهت ارزيابي مکاني کيفيت خاک به روش کريجينگ انجام شد.
يافته‌ها: در لايه سطحي و لايه فشرده زيرين به ترتيب 10 و 8 مؤلفه اصلي توانستند 02/85 و 18/80 درصد کل واريانس را برآورد کنند. ضريب همبستگي IQI کل داده‌ها با حداقل داده در لايه سطحي و لايه فشرده زيرين به‌ترتيب 76/0 و 61/0 و براي شاخص نمورو 72/0 و 58/0 به‌دست آمد. برتمامي شاخص‌هاي کيفيت خاک در دو مجموعه حداقل و کل داده ها در دو لايه سطحي خاک و لايه فشرده زيرين مدل کروي برازش داده شد و همبستگي مکاني قوي نشان دادند. قسمت‌هاي شمال تا شمال‌غرب و هم‌چنين شمال‌شرق منطقه داراي خاک با کيفيت بالاتر بود. ديگر قسمت‌هاي منطقه به دليل خاکورزي زياد، کاهش ماده آلي، کاهش پايداري خاکدانه‌ها و به‌دنبال آن افزايش تراکم و جرم مخصوص ظاهري داراي خاک با کيفيت کم تا متوسط بودند.
نتايج: به‌طور کلي سرشت خاک به دليل اثر قاطع مواد مادري موجب گونه‌اي يکنواختي شده که در بافت، آهکي بودن و کاني‌شناسي بخش رس آشکار بود. عمليات کشاورزي پيوسته و فشرده به اين يکنواختي دامن زده است. در نواحي با مقادير رس بالا در لايه سطحي خاک به‌دليل هم‌آوري رس و ماده آلي و در پي آن افزايش پايداري خاکدانه‌ها، کيفيت خاک مناسب‌تر بود. و اما در لايه فشرده زيرين کشت‌و‌کار مداوم در منطقه به‌دليل مقادير کم کربن آلي و مقادير بالاي رس صرفأ باعث تراکم هر‌چه بيش‌تر خاک شده است. نتايج مطالعات همبستگي نشان داد که در دو لايه سطحي و لايه فشرده زيرين مي‌توان MDS را با اطمينان قابل قبولي به جايTDS در بررسي کيفيت خاک به کار برد. اين اطمينان در لايه فشرده زيرين کمتر بود که دليل آن تخريب بيش از حد ساختمان خاک در نتيجه تراکم و يک‌دست شدن آن است.
Introduction: Soil compaction is one of the worst signs of soil physical collapse, which has multiple effects on reducing its physical quality. On the other hand, parameters such as aggregate stability, bulk density, hydraulic conductivity and porosity, which are the most important indicators of soil physical quality, are usually more vulnerable to improper management due to the environmental conditions of arid and semi-arid areas. In recent decades, due to not being in tune with new technology, farmers have turned to more use of machines and agricultural chemicals in order to increase production. One of the consequences of improper land management is the compaction of the bottom layer of the plowing depth, which can be seen in almost every part of the land in Kermanshah province in recent years. This study was done as a first step in investigating this problem.
Methods: Sanjaabi plain of Kermanshah with an area of about 67,000 hectares was considered as the study area. The number of 102 points was determined by a simple systematic method. Disturbed samples were taken from the two surface layers and the bottom of the plow, as well as undisturbed samples were taken by metal cylinders from the depth of the plow pan. After Laboratory analyses, the aggregate stability was checked in both dry and wet conditions. Statistical analysis was determined using SPSS statistical software. The correlation coefficient was obtained by the Pearson method along with the correlation test. Cumulative quality indices (IQI) and Nemoro quality indices (NQI) were obtained in two collections of total data (TDS) and minimum data (MDS) through the method of principal component analysis (PCA). Then, variography and zoning of soil quality indicators were done for the spatial evaluation of soil quality using kriging method.
Results: In the surface layer and bottom of the plow, 10 and 8 principal components were able to estimate 85.02 and 80.18 percent of the total variance, respectively. The IQI correlation coefficient of the total data set with the minimum data set in the surface layer and bottom of the plow were 0.76 and 0.61, respectively, and the Nemoro index was 0.72 and 0.58 respectively. A spherical model was fitted to all the soil quality indicators in two minimum and total data sets in two surface layers of the soil and the bottom of the plow and showed a strong spatial correlation. The parts from the north to the northwest as well as the northeast of the region had higher quality soil. Other parts of the region have low to medium quality soil due to heavy tillage, reduction of organic matter, reduction of stability of aggregate and then increase of bulk density and soil compaction.
Conclusion: In general, the nature of the soil, due to the decisive effect of the parent materials, has caused a uniform type, which was evident in the texture, calcareousness and mineralogy of the clay part. Continuous and intensive agricultural operations have fueled this uniformity. In the areas with high amounts of clay in the surface layer of the soil, due to the flocculating of clay and organic matter and the subsequent increase in the aggregate stability, the quality of the soil was more suitable. But in the bottom of the plow, continuous cultivation in the region has caused the soil to become even more dense due to the low amounts of organic carbon and high amounts of clay. The results of the correlation studies showed that MDS can be used with acceptable reliability instead of TDS in the soil quality assessment in the two layers of the surface and bottom of the plow. This confidence was less in the plowing bottom, which is probably due to the excessive destruction of the soil structure as a result of its compaction and homogenization.
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