تکامل کشاورزی در محوطه‌های پیش‌ازتاریخی حوضه رود کر، برمبنای مطالعات باستان‌گیاه‌شناسی
محورهای موضوعی : باستان شناسی
1 - دکترای ژنتیک و بیوتکنولوژی گیاهی.
کلید واژه: کشاورزی, باستان‌گیاه‌شناسی, حوضه رود کر, دوره نوسنگی, عصر برنز,
چکیده مقاله :
این مقاله به منظور شناخت روند تکاملی کشاورزی و تنوع گونه های گیاهی بر مبنای مطالعات باستان گیاه شناسی بدست آمده از محوطه باستانی حوضه رودکر در منطقه فارس از دوره نوسنگی تا عصر برنز را مورد بررسی و پژوهش قرار داده است. شواهد بدست آمده، بیانگر کشت غلاتی مانند انواع گندم(Triticum) و جو(Hordeum) در این منطقه بوده است. علاوه بر دانه ها، وجود تیغه های داس و خمره های نگهداری غذا در دوره لپویی فارس نیز حکایت از فعالیت های کشاورزی و اهمیت آن در زندگی مردمان فارس باستان دارد. علاوه بر غلات مقدار زیادی گیاهان خودرو نیز شناسایی گردیده که برخی از آنها احتمالا به عنوان گیاهان دارویی مورد استفاده قرار می گرفته است. حضور گیاهان در دسته بندی حبوبات نیز مانند نخود سبز (Pisum sativum)، ماشک Vicia) sativa) و عدس(Lens culinaris) می تواند بیانگر پراکنش و تنوع گونه های گیاهی در حوضه رود کر باشد که شرایط زیست محیطی امروزی نیز این موضوع را تایید می کند. در عصر برنز نیز گیاهان با دسته بندی میوه ها مانند پسته(Pistacia sp.)، بادام(Amygdalus sp.) و انگور(Vitis vinifera) نیز شواهدی یافت شد که نشان از شناخت و استفاده بشر از انواع مختلفی از محصولات کشاورزی بوده است.
Extended Abstract
This article aims to explore the evolutionary process of agriculture and the diversity of plant species based on archaeobotanical studies obtained from the ancient site of the Rudkar Basin in the Fars region, from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. The evidence indicates the cultivation of cereals such as various types of wheat (Triticum) and barley (Hordeum) in this area. In addition to the seeds, the presence of sickle blades and food storage jars from the Lapu period in Fars suggests agricultural activities and their importance in the life of ancient people in Fars. Along with cereals, a significant number of wild plants were identified, some of which were likely used as medicinal plants. The presence of legumes, such as green peas (Pisum sativum), vetch (Vicia sativa), and lentils (Lens culinaris), reflects the distribution and diversity of plant species in the Rudkar Basin, which is also supported by the region's current environmental conditions. In the Bronze Age, fruits such as pistachio (Pistacia sp.), almond (Amygdalus sp.), and grape (Vitis vinifera) were also found, indicating the knowledge and use of various agricultural products by humans. The evidence shows that the earliest period in the Rudkar Basin at the Rahmatabad mound included the cultivation of cereals like wheat, barley, and legumes. The inhabitants of this period also used wild fruits such as pistachio and almond from the region.
Introduction
The study of plant remains such as wood, charcoal, seeds, fruits, pollen, and phytoliths obtained from various archaeological sites can provide valuable information about the relationship between humans and their environment in the past, the development of agriculture, its role in the livelihood of ancient societies, and changes in vegetation cover over time, including the factors influencing these changes. Given the archaeological plant remains in Fars and the long history of agriculture in the region, it is crucial to conduct archaeobotanical studies to understand the evolution of agriculture from the past to the present. This paper presents the results of archaeobotanical research from seven archaeological sites in Fars, spanning from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age, including Rahmatabad mound, Moshki mound, Jerry mound, Bashi mound, Bakoon mound, Mehr Ali mound, and Malyan mound. The objective is to understand the plant species used by ancient Fars inhabitants and the status of their subsistence economy.
Geographical Location and Environmental Conditions
Rudkar, located in Fars Province in southern Iran, covers an area of about 133,000 square kilometers, which constitutes approximately 1.8% of the country’s total area. The province lies roughly between 27°2′ and 31°42′ North latitude and 50°42′ and 55°38′ East longitude. Due to its proximity to the Persian Gulf in the south and its proximity to the desert in the northeast, along with its varying topography, the province has three distinct climatic zones: the mountainous areas in the north, northwest, and west, with cold winters and mild summers and 400-600 mm of annual rainfall; the central area with relatively mild winters, warm and dry summers, and 200-400 mm of rainfall; and the southern and southeastern regions, which have mild winters, extremely hot summers, and annual rainfall of around 100-200 mm.
Methodology
To better understand the ancient plants of the Fars region, archaeobotanical studies were conducted on various sites such as Rahmatabad mound, Moshki, Jerry, Bakoon, Bashi, Mehr Ali, and Malyan mounds. Field operations included collecting plant remains from archaeological excavations and extracting plant residues from the collected sediments. The flotation method was used to separate plant remains from the sediments. This method relies on the differing densities of plant materials and soil. Plant remains obtained from flotation, including charcoal, seeds, fruits, and plant stems, were carbonized. Laboratory studies of the seeds, fruits, and charcoal were carried out using binocular microscopes and light microscopes, with reference to botanical atlases and a reference collection.
Discussion
The classification of plants from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age in the Rudkar Basin reveals that during the Rahmatabad period, cultivated plants included cereals such as wheat, barley, and legumes. Inhabitants of this period also used wild fruits like pistachio and almond. However, there is no evidence yet of wild barley in this region, although wild species of wheat and barley have been observed in central Zagros. More systematic archaeobotanical studies in Fars are needed to gather more detailed information on wild wheat and barley species. During the Neolithic period, other sites such as Moshki and Jerry mounds also show evidence of cereal cultivation. Additionally, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze periods, sites like Bakoon and Lapou included cereals and wild fruits in their agricultural activities. By the Bronze Age, cultivated cereals, legumes, and wild fruits like almond, pistachio, and grape were prevalent. The domestication of these plants, particularly cereals, marks a major shift in agricultural practices, with physical changes observed in the domesticated species. Furthermore, the discovery of fodder plants such as vetch (Vicia ervilia) suggests the importance of livestock farming.
Conclusion
Archaeobotanical studies in the Fars region have provided evidence of agricultural activities from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. These studies show that the subsistence economy of the region was primarily based on agriculture, with evidence of cultivated cereals such as wheat and barley, along with legumes in smaller quantities. The inhabitants of sites like Rahmatabad, Bakoon, Bashi, Mehr Ali, and Malyan also used wild fruits like pistachio and almond from local steppe and forest areas. These wild fruit trees continue to be present in the highland areas of Fars and neighboring provinces such as Khuzestan and Kerman. The uniformity of the archaeobotanical results across the sites studied indicates that the identified plant species were native to the region. Furthermore, these results are consistent with findings from neighboring areas such as Bandbal, Jafarabad, and Yahya mound in Khuzestan and Kerman. The archaeological and paleobiological evidence points to extensive human activity in areas with dense vegetation, particularly in the Rudkar Basin in the Fars region.
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