تاثیر کاربرد نیتروژن و چین برداشت بر عملکرد، کیفیت و ترکیبات اسانس آویشن (Thymus vulgaris L.)
محورهای موضوعی : گیاهان دارویی
یاسین نوروزی
1
(دانشگاه رازی)
مختار قبادی
2
(گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران.)
محسن سعیدی
3
(دانشگاه رازی)
حسن رضادوست
4
(دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، پژوهشکده گیاهان و مواد اولیه دارویی)
دانیال کهریزی
5
(دانشگاه رازی)
هولیا دوگان
6
(گروه تولیدات گیاهی و دامی، دانشگاه یوزگات، یوزگات، ترکیه.)
کلید واژه: تغذیه گیاهی, تیمول, زمان برداشت, گیاه دارویی, ماده مؤثره.,
چکیده مقاله :
اسانس گیاه آویشن به دلیل کاربرد در صنایع دارویی، غذایی و آرایشی دارای اهمیت زیادی است. عوامل زیادی از جمله تغذیه، زمان برداشت و شرایط محیطی می‌توانند بر عملکرد و کیفیت آویشن تاثیر بگذارند. به منظور بررسی تاثیر مقادیر نیتروژن و چین برداشت بر عملکرد، کیفیت و ترکیبات شیمیایی اسانس آویشن، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در دانشگاه رازی در سه سال متوالی 1399-1397 اجرا گردید. فاکتور اول شامل سطوح مختلف کود نیتروژن (صفر، 50 و 100 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص) و فاکتور دوم شامل چین برداشت (اواخر خرداد و شهریور در زمان گلدهی) بود. نتایج نشان داد عملکرد، کیفیت و نیز ترکیبات شیمیایی اسانس آویشن تحت تأثیر کود نیتروژن، چین برداشت و سال قرار گرفت. کاربرد نیتروژن صفات ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه جانبی، وزن خشک برگ، ساقه و کل، قطر ساقه، درصد و عملکرد اسانس را افزایش داد (01/0P ≤ ). همچنین، مقدار این صفات در چین دوم نسبت به چین اول بیشتر بود. بیشترین مقدار تمام صفات مورد بررسی در تیمار اثر متقابل چین دوم × کاربرد 100 کیلوگرم نیتروژن × سال سوم آزمایش بدست آمد. بیشترین ترکیبات شیمیایی اسانس به ترتیب شامل تیمول (41 تا 25/61 درصد)، گاماترپینن (10/11 تا 60/23 درصد)، پی‌سیمن (63/10 تا 07/23 درصد)، کارواکرول (40/3 تا 63/4 درصد)، آلفاترپینن (42/1 تا 06/3 درصد) و آلفافلندرین (02/1 تا 97/1 درصد) بود. کاربرد نیتروژن باعث افزایش تمام ترکیبات شیمیایی اسانس شد. غلظت کارواکرول، آلفاترپینن، گاماترپینن پی‌سیمن و آلفا فلندرین با افزایش نیتروژن از 50 به 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار کاهش یافتند. به طور کلی، کاربرد نیتروژن در چین دوم تأثیر معنی‌داری بر افزایش عملکرد و کیفیت آویشن داشت. همچنین، متناسب با سطح نیتروژن مصرفی و چین برداشت در طی سه سال آزمایش، درصد ترکیبات شیمیایی موجود در اسانس آویشن تغییر یافت.
The essential oil derived from thyme is very important due to its use in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Numerous factors including nutrition, harvest time and environmental conditions can influence both the quality and yield. In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen levels and harvest time on the quality and yield and chemical composition of thyme essential oil, a factorial experiment was conducted based on RCBD with three replications at Razi University over three years from 2018 to 2020. The first factor included amount of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha-1) and the second factor included the time of harvest (mid-June and late September during flowering). The results showed that the quality and yield as well as chemical composition of essential oil were affected by nitrogen, cutting and year. Nitrogen enhanced several characteristics, including plant height, number of lateral branches, leaf, stem and total dry weights, stem diameter, percentage and yield of essential oil (p≤0.01). Also, the amount of these traits in the second cutting was higher than the first cutting. The highest value of all investigated traits was obtained in the interaction treatment of second cutting×100 kg N ha-1×the third year. The most chemical compounds of the essential oil include thymol (41 - 61.25%), γ-terpinene (11.10 - 23.60%), p-cymen (10.63 - 23.07%), carvacrol (3.40 - 4.63%), α-terpinene (1.42 - 3.06%), and α-Phellandrene (1.02 - 1.97%). Nitrogen increased all the chemical compounds of the essential oil. The concentration of carvacrol, α-terpinen and γ-terpinene, p-cymene and α-Phellandrene decreased with increasing nitrogen from 50 to 100 kg ha-1. Overall, the application of nitrogen in the second cutting had a significant effect on increasing the quality and yield. Also, the percentage of chemical compounds in essential oil changed according to the amount of nitrogen and harvest time during the three years.
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